GLYCAN ANALYSIS AND PROFILING

1 . A glycan array comprising:

a. a substrate, and

b. at least four glycans, each attached to said substrate by a linker, wherein 25% to 75% of said at least four glycans comprise N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac).

2 . The glycan array of claim 1 , wherein said at least four glycans are independently selected from the group consisting of:

Araα1,2Araα-R;

Araα1,2Glcβ-R;

Araα1,3Glcβ-R;

Araα1,4Glcβ-R;

Araα1,5Araα-R;

Araα1,6Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,2[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcα-R;

Fucα1,2[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2[Galβ1,4]Glc-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3 [Fucα1,2Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,3[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,3[GlcNAcβ1,3 Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,6[GlcNAcβ1,3]Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,3 GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,3Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,4[Galα1,3]GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,4 Galβ1,3 GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,4[Galβ1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,4GlCNAcβ1,3 Galβ-R;

Fucα1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,6[GlcNAcβ1,4]Manα-R;

Fucα1,6[Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,6GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

GalNAcα1,3[Fucα1,2]Galβ1,4-R;

GalNAcα1,3[Fucα1,2]Galβ-R;

GalNAcα-R;

GalNAcβ1,3 Galβ1,4Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

GalNAcβ1,4[Neu5Acα2,3]Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galα1,2Galα-R;

Galα1,3[Fucα1,2]Galβ1,4-R;

Galα1,3Galα-R;

Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Galα1,6Galα-R;

Galβ1,2Galβ-R;

Galβ1,3 GalNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,3Galβ1,4Xylβ-R;

Galβ1,3Galβ-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcα-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3 Galβ-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,3 GlcNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAc1,4[GlcNAcβ1,2]Manα-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAc6Sβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3 Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4[GlcNAcβ1,2]Manα-R;

Galfβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,4Xylβ-R;

Galβ1,6Galβ-R;

Galβ1,6Galβ1,4Gal1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,6Galβ1,4Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

GlcAβ1,3Galβ1,3Gal1,4Xylβ-R;

GlcAβ1,3Galβ1,3Gaβ1,4Xylβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,2Manα1,3[Manα1,6]Manβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3[Galβ1,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3 [GlcNAcβ1,6]GalNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3[GlcNAcβ1,6]Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,30[GlcNAcβ1,6]Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3 Galα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα2,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2Manα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4[GlcNAcβ1,2]Manα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6[Galβ1,3]GalNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6[Galβ1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6[Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3]Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6[GlcNAcβ1,3]Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6GalNAcβ1,3Galα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6Galα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Glcα1,2Glcα-R;

Glcα1,3Glcα-R;

Glcα1,4Glcα-R;

Glcα1,6Glcα-R;

Glcβ1,2Glcβ-R;

Glcβ1,3Glcβ-R;

Glcβ1,6Gicβ-R;

Glcβ1,6Glcβ-R;

KDNα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

KDNα2,8Neu5 Gcα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Manα1,2Manα1,2Manα-R;

Manα1,2Manα-R;

Manα1,3[Manα1,6]Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manα1,3Manα1,2Manα1,2Manα-R;

Manα1,3Manα1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manα1,3Manα-R;

Manα1,4GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα1,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

Manα1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manα1,6Manα-R;

Manα1,6Manα1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα1,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα2,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3 Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,6Galβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3[Neu5Acα2,6]GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAc6Sβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc6Sβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ1,4GlcNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6(KDNα2,3)Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6(Neu5Acα2,3)Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6(Neu5Gcα2,3)Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8KDNα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Gcα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5 Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3 Galβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,6Galβ-R;

Neu5GcOMeα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5 Gcα2,3 Galβ1,3 GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,3 GlcNAcβ1,3 Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3 Galβ1,3 GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3 Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAc6Sβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3 Galβ1,4 (Fucα1,3)GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc6Sβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3 Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3 Galβ-R;

Neu5 Gcα2, 6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Gcα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,6Galβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,8Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

NeuAcα2,3Galβ1,3[NeuAcα2,6]GalNAcα-R;

Xylα1,2Manα-R;

Xylα1,3Glcβ-R; and

Xylα1,3Xylα1,3Glcβ-R;

wherein R is a linker.

3 . The glycan array of claim 2 , wherein 30% to 50% of said at least four glycans comprise N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc).

4 . The glycan array of claim 3 , comprising at least one pair of attached glycans, wherein each of said at least one pair of attached glycans differs by the presence of an alternate sialic acid residue, wherein said alternate sialic acid residue is selected from a Neu5Ac residue and a Neu5Gc residue.

5 . The glycan array of claim 4 , wherein said at least one pair of attached glycans comprises at least 40 pairs of attached glycans.

6 . The glycan array of claim 5 , wherein said linker is selected from the group consisting of —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 NH 2 and —O(CH 2 ) 3 NHCOCH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 6 NH 2 .

7 . A method of obtaining an anti-glycan antibody profile comprising:

a. obtaining a sample, wherein said sample comprises one or more antibodies,

b. contacting the glycan array of claim 6 with said sample,

c. obtaining glycan array binding results, and

d. preparing an anti-glycan antibody profile based on said glycan array binding results.

8 . The method of claim 7 , further comprising:

a. selecting at least one binding assay,

b. contacting said sample with said at least one binding assay,

c. obtaining results from said at least one binding assay, and

d. updating said anti-glycan antibody profile based on said results from said at least one binding assay.

9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein said at least one binding assay is selected from the group consisting of an alternative glycan array, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a flow cytometry-based assay and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based assay.

10 . The method of claim 8 , wherein said at least one binding assay assesses binding to a modified epitope.

11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein said modified epitope comprises a chemically modified epitope.

12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein said modified epitope comprises a modified saccharide.

13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein said modified saccharide comprises one or more modified chemical groups.

14 . The method of claim 9 , wherein said sample is obtained from an in vivo source, wherein said in vivo source is selected from the group consisting of a human subject and a non-human animal subject.

15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein said sample is obtained from a non-human animal subject, wherein said non-human animal subject is selected from the group consisting of mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, pigs, cows, sheep, chicken and monkeys.

16 - 27 . (canceled)

28 . The method of claim 9 , wherein said sample is obtained from an immunogenic host or from a cell culture, wherein said cell culture comprises a hybridoma cell prepared using a lymphocyte from an immunogenic host.

29 . The method of claim 28 , wherein said immunogenic host has been immunized with a therapeutic target antigen.

30 . The method of claim 29 , wherein said therapeutic target antigen comprises sialyl Tn (STn).

31 . The method of claim 30 , wherein said sample is a serum sample from said immunogenic host.

32 . The method of claim 30 , wherein said sample comprises culture medium from said cell culture.