Process for the synthesis of metyrapone and alkylated metyrapone analogs
Process for preparing metyrapone type compounds are generally described herein. In particular, one step process for preparing metyrapone type compounds are described herein. Such processes generally include an alpha-carbon arylation coupling reaction between 3-isobutyrylpyridine and 3-halopyridine compounds in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a phosphine ligand to form the metyrapone-type compounds.
1. A process for the preparation of a compound having the following formula:
the process comprising the steps of:
1) preparing a reaction mixture from at least:
i) a halopyridine of the following structure:
ii) a substituted pyridine of the following structure:
iii) a palladium containing catalyst, if iv) does not comprise palladium;
iv) a phosphine or carbene ligand;
v) a Bronsted base; and
vi) a solvent;
2) heating the reaction mixture to one or more temperatures in the range of about 30° C. to about 110° C. such that the compound is formed;
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 , are each, independently, hydrogen or an alkyl group comprising in the range of one to four carbon atoms, R 5 and R 6 are each methyl groups, R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 are each hydrogen, and X is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfonate, triflate, nonaflate, and a diazonium salt.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the phosphine ligand is selected from the group consisting of:
a) a trialkyl/aryl phosphine comprising substituents independently selected from the group consisting of tert-butyl-, cyclohexyl, and adamantyl-;
b) a trialkyl/aryl phosphine selected from the group consisting of dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (Xphos™), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (tBuXPhos™); (2-biphenyl)di-tert-butylphosphine (JohnPhos™); (2-biphenyl)dicyclohexylphosphine (CyJohnPhos™); 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl (Sphos™); 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-diisopropoxybiphenyl (RuPhos™); 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino) biphenyl (DavePhos™); 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′-methylbiphenyl (tBuMePhos™); 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′-methylbiphenyl (MePhos™), tri tert-butylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine; and
c) a phosphine ligand selected from the group consisting of 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xantphos), 9,9-Dimethyl-4,5-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)xanthene (t-Bu-Xantphos), 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (BINAP), and 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf), 1,2,3,4,5-Pentaphenyl-1′-(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene (QPhos).
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the palladium catalyst is selected from the group consisting of palladium(II) acetate, bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), and any mixture thereof.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the Bronsted base is selected from the group consisting of lithium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, potassium t-butoxide, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium dicyclohexylamide, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, and any mixture thereof.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethoxyethane, toluene; and any mixture thereof.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbene ligand is selected from the group consisting of 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (SIPr—HBF 4 ); 1,3-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolinium chloride; 1,3-dimesitylimidazolidinium chloride, 4,5-dihydro-1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazolium chloride; 1,3-bis(tricyclo[3.3.1.1 3,7 ]dec-1-yl)-1H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolinium chloride; (1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidene) (3-chloropyridyl) palladium(II) dichloride; (PEPPSI™-SIPr catalyst); [1,3-bis(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3-chloropyridyl)palladium(II); and dichloride (PEPPSI™-IPr catalyst).
7. The process of claim 1 wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each hydrogen.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the substituted pyridine is 3-isobutyrylpyridine.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the halopyridine is selected from the group consisting of chloropyridine, bromopyridine, and iodopyridine.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein the palladium containing catalyst is selected from the group consisting of (dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), and any mixture thereof.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, toluene, or any mixture thereof.
12. The process of claim 1 wherein the palladium containing catalyst and phosphine ligand have a molar ratio in the range of from 1 to 5 moles of ligand per mole of palladium containing catalyst.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein the heating of the reaction mixture in 2) is to one or more temperatures in the range of about 80° C. to about 110° C. for a time in the range of 2 hours to 4 hours.
14. The process of claim 1 further comprising quenching the reaction mixture with a reagent that removes or inactivates the Bronsted base.
15. A process for the preparation of a compound having the following formula:
the process comprising the steps of:
1) preparing a reaction mixture from at least:
i) a halopyridine selected from the group consisting of chloropyridine, bromopyridine, and iodopyridine;
ii) 3-isobutyrylpyridine
iii) a palladium containing catalyst;
iv) a phosphine or carbene ligand;
v) a Bronsted base; and
vi) a solvent;
2) heating the reaction mixture to one or more temperatures in the range of about 30° C. to about 110° C. such that the compound is formed;
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 are each hydrogen, R 5 and R 6 are each methyl groups, and X is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfonate, triflate, nonaflate and a diazonium salt.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein the phosphine ligand is selected from the group consisting of:
a) a trialkyl/aryl phosphine comprising substituents independently selected from the group consisting of tert-butyl-, cyclohexyl, and adamantyl-;
b) a trialkyl/aryl phosphine selected from the group consisting of dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (Xphos™), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (tBuXPhos™); (2-biphenyl)di-tert-butylphosphine (JohnPhos™); (2-biphenyl)dicyclohexylphosphine (CyJohnPhos™); 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl (Sphos™); 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-diisopropoxybiphenyl (RuPhos™); 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl (DavePhos™); 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′-methylbiphenyl (tBuMePhos™); 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′-methylbiphenyl (MePhos™), tri-tert-butylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine; and
c) a phosphine ligand selected from the group consisting of 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xantphos), 9,9-Dimethyl-4,5-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)xanthene (t-Bu-Xantphos), 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (BINAP), and 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf), 1,2,3,4,5-Pentaphenyl-1′-(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene (QPhos).
17. The process of claim 15 wherein the Bronsted base is selected from the group consisting of lithium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, potassium t-butoxide, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium dicyclohexylamide, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, and any mixture thereof.
18. The process of claim 15 , wherein the carbene ligand is selected from the group consisting of 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (SIPr—HBF 4 ); 1,3-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolinium chloride; 1,3-dimesitylimidazolidinium chloride, 4,5-dihydro-1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazolium chloride; 1,3-bis(tricyclo[3.3.1.1 3,7 ]dec-1-yl)-1H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolinium chloride; (1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidene) (3-chloropyridyl) palladium(II) dichloride; (PEPPSI™-SIPr catalyst); [1,3-bis(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3-chloropyridyl)palladium(II); and dichloride (PEPPSI™-IPr catalyst).
19. The process of claim 15 wherein the palladium containing catalyst is selected from the group consisting of (dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), and any mixture thereof.