Alkaline cell with improved reliability and discharge performance
A negative electrode for an alkaline battery cell which includes zinc-based particles, wherein less than 20% of the zinc-based particles, by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode, have a particle size of greater than about 150 micrometers, is provided. An alkaline electrochemical cell that includes the negative electrode and a method for reducing the gassing of the electrochemical cell is also provided.
1. A gelled anode for an alkaline battery cell comprising, the gelled anode comprising:
a gelling agent;
an alkaline electrolyte comprising a hydroxide material;
a surfactant; and
zinc-based particles, wherein less than 20% of the zinc-based particles, by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode, have a particle size of greater than about 150 micrometers;
wherein the zinc-based particles have an aspect ratio of from about 1.85 to about 4.15 and an apparent density of about 2.40 g/cm 3 to about 3.15 g/cm 3 .
2. The gelled anode of claim 1 , wherein about 10% to about 20% of the zinc-based particles, by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode, have a particle size of greater than about 150 micrometers.
3. The gelled anode of claim 1 , wherein the zinc-based particles have a roundness of at least 1.5.
4. The gelled anode of claim 1 , wherein the zinc-based particles are zinc alloy particles having an average particle size of about 100 micrometers to about 130 micrometers.
5. The gelled anode of claim 1 , wherein about 20% to about 70% of the zinc-based particles, by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode, have a particle size of less than about 75 micrometers.
6. The gelled anode of claim 5 , wherein about 20% to about 45% by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode have a particle size of less than about 75 micrometers, about 1% to about 10% by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode have a particle size of less than about 45 micrometers, and about 10% to about 20% by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode, have a particle size of greater than about 150 micrometers.
7. The gelled anode of claim 1 , wherein the hydroxide is potassium hydroxide.
8. The gelled anode of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant is an organic phosphate ester surfactant, a polyethylene glycol ether, an ethoxylated alkylphenol, a tallow amine, diethylenetriamine, an amphoteric surfactant, a sulfonated organic acid surfactant, a sulfated organic acid surfactant, hexyl diphenyl oxide sulfonic acid, Rhodafac RM-510, Rhodafac RA-600, Rhodafac RS-610, Witconate 1840X, Mafo 13 MOD1, or a combination of any two or more thereof.
9. The gelled anode of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant is present at a concentration ranging from between 0.0010% and 0.040% relative to the weight of the gelled anode.
10. The gelled anode of claim 1 , having a yield stress value of about 600 to about 3500.
11. The gelled anode of claim 1 , having a viscosity of about 25000 cps to about 150000 cps.
12. An alkaline electrochemical cell comprising:
a positive current collector;
a cathode in contact with the positive current collector;
a negative current collector;
a gelled anode according to claim 1 in contact with the negative current collector
and
a separator between the cathode and the anode.
13. A method for reducing the gassing of an electrochemical cell subject to gassing, the method comprising:
providing as the active anode of said cell, a gelled anode comprising:
a gelling agent;
an alkaline electrolyte comprising a hydroxide material;
a surfactant; and
zinc-based particles;
wherein:
less than 20% of the zinc-based particles, by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode, have a particle size of greater than about 150 micrometers, and less than 10% of the zinc-based particles, by weight relative to the total zinc in the electrode, have a particle size of less than about 45 micrometers; and
the zinc-based particles have an aspect ratio of from about 1.85 to about 4.15 and
an apparent density of about 2.40 g/cm 3 to about 3.15 g/cm 3 .
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the gassing is reduced by about 10% to 50% in battery cells having zinc powders containing less than 20% of coarse particles relative to cells having an active anode comprising zinc-based particles at apparent densities between 2.50 and 3.0 g/ml and coarse content ( >150 micrometers) between 20% to 60% by weight relative to the total zinc electrode.