Process for the production of formaldehyde
A process is described for the production of formaldehyde, comprising (a) subjecting methanol to oxidation with air in a formaldehyde production unit thereby producing a formaldehyde-containing stream; (b) separating said formaldehyde-containing stream into a formaldehyde product stream and a formaldehyde vent gas stream; wherein the vent gas stream, optionally after treatment in a vent gas treatment unit, is passed to one or more stages of: (i) synthesis gas generation, (ii) carbon dioxide removal, (iii) methanol synthesis or (iv) urea synthesis.
1. A process for producing a formaldehyde-stabilised urea product comprising the steps of
(a) generating a synthesis gas comprising hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and steam in a synthesis gas generation unit;
(b) recovering carbon dioxide from the synthesis gas to form a carbon dioxide-depleted synthesis gas;
(c) synthesizing methanol from the carbon dioxide-depleted synthesis gas in a methanol synthesis unit and recovering the methanol and a methanol synthesis off-gas comprising nitrogen, hydrogen and residual carbon monoxide;
(d) subjecting at least a portion of the recovered methanol to oxidation with air in a process comprising subjecting the methanol to oxidation with air in a formaldehyde production unit thereby producing a formaldehyde-containing stream, separating the formaldehyde-containing stream into a formaldehyde product stream and a formaldehyde vent gas stream;
(e) subjecting the methanol synthesis off-gas to methanation in a methanation reactor containing a methanation catalyst to form an ammonia synthesis gas;
(f) synthesizing ammonia from the ammonia synthesis gas in an ammonia production unit and recovering the ammonia;
(g) reacting a portion of the ammonia and at least a portion of the recovered carbon dioxide stream in a urea production unit to form a urea stream; and
(h) stabilizing the urea by mixing the urea stream and a stabilizer prepared using formaldehyde recovered from the formaldehyde production unit,
wherein the formaldehyde vent gas stream separated in step (d) is optionally treated in one or more stages of vent gas treatment in a vent gas treatment unit and then passed to one or more stages of (i) synthesis gas generation, as a component of a fuel gas or as a feedstock, (ii) carbon dioxide removal, (iii) methanol synthesis or (iv) urea synthesis.
2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the synthesis gas generation stage is based on steam reforming of a hydrocarbon or by the gasification of a carbonaceous feedstock.
3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the synthesis gas generation stage is provided by adiabatic pre-reforming and/or primary reforming in a fired or gas-heated steam reformer and secondary or autothermal reforming with air, oxygen or oxygen-enriched air.
4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein before recovery of the carbon dioxide, a crude synthesis gas is subjected to one or more stages of water gas shift comprising one or more stages of high temperature shift, low temperature shift, medium temperature shift, isothermal shift or sour shift.
5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein carbon dioxide removal is effected using absorption or adsorption.
6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the methanol synthesis is operated on a once-through, or a recycle basis in which unreacted gases, after condensate removal, are returned to the methanol synthesis unit in a loop.
7. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the methanol synthesis is operated in a single stage at an inlet temperature in the range of 200−320° C.
8. A process according to claim 1 , wherein crude methanol recovered from the methanol synthesis stage is fed without purification to an oxidation reactor in the formaldehyde production unit.
9. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the formaldehyde production unit comprises an oxidation reactor containing a bed of oxidation catalyst.
10. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the formaldehyde vent gas is treated in one or more stages of vent gas treatment in a vent-gas treatment unit, before being passed to one or more stages of (i) synthesis gas generation as a component of a fuel gas or as a feedstock, (ii) carbon dioxide removal, (iii) methanol synthesis or (iv) urea synthesis after treatment in the vent gas treatment unit.
11. A process according to claim 10 , wherein the formaldehyde vent gas treatment unit comprises an emission control system comprising a catalytic combustor to convert the vent stream into carbon dioxide, nitrogen and steam.
12. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the formaldehyde vent gas is recycled to the methanol synthesis unit.
13. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the formaldehyde vent gas is recycled to a carbon dioxide removal unit for removing carbon dioxide from the synthesis gas.
14. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the formaldehyde vent gas is used in the urea production unit.
15. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the formaldehyde vent gas is used in the synthesis gas generation unit as a component of a fuel gas.
16. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the formaldehyde vent gas stream is used in the synthesis gas generation unit as a feedstock.
17. A process of claim 2 , wherein the hydrocarbon is natural gas, naphtha or a refinery off-gas.
18. A process of claim 2 , wherein the carbonaceous feedstock is coal or biomass.
19. A process of claim 7 , wherein the inlet temperature is in the range of 200-270° C.
20. The process of claim 9 , wherein the formaldehyde production unit is operated with recycle of unreacted gases of the formaldehyde vent gas to the formaldehyde production unit.
21. The process of claim 9 , wherein the formaldehyde production unit is operated without recycle of unreacted gases of the formaldehyde vent gas to the formaldehyde production unit.