Two particle electrophoretic laminate for use with smart windows
A laminate which can serve as either a smart window or a smart mirror is formed using first and second substrates coated with transparent first and second electrodes which are separated by foraminous layer and a third grid-like linear electrode insulated from the first and second electrodes The foraminous layer includes spacers defining a cell space which is filled with a colloidal ink having first and second particles. The first particles have a positive charge and a first color and second particles having a negative charge and a second color different from the first color. By altering the voltages of the first, second and third electrodes, one can achieve different light transmission characteristics which, for example, can alter the color temperature of the light transmitted through the laminate or enhance reflective colors.
1. A laminate including electro kinetic pixels comprising:
a transparent first layer coated with a planar first electrode;
a second layer coated with a planar second electrode;
a foraminous insulating third layer between said first layer and said second layer, said foraminous insulating third layer comprising a plurality of holes that extend to the second electrode;
a third electrode having a grid structure;
an insulating fourth layer contacting said first electrode and said third electrode, and insulating said first electrode from said third electrode;
a cell gap between said insulating fourth layer and said second electrode;
said cell gap including a colloidal dispersion of first particles and second particles;
said first particles having a first charge and a first optical property;
said second particles having a second charge different from said first charge and a second optical property different from said first particle; and
wherein said third electrode is separated from said first and second electrodes.
2. The laminate claimed in claim 1 , where said first charge has a positive polarity and said second charge has a negative polarity.
3. The laminate claimed in claim 1 , where said first charge is different in magnitude than said second charge, such that said first particle and said second particle have different voltage thresholds for movement.
4. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said insulating fourth layer is adjacent said first electrode and said third electrode is on a side of said insulating fourth layer opposite said first electrode.
5. The laminate claimed in claim 1 further comprising an electrically insulating adhesive between said first electrode and said third electrode.
6. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said third electrode is a conductive adhesive, binding said laminate together.
7. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said third electrode is in the form of a plurality of rectangles.
8. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said third electrode is in the shape of a series of hexagons.
9. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said first layer is transparent, said first electrode is transparent, said second layer is transparent, said second electrode is transparent, and said laminate is a smart window.
10. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein at least one of said first layer, said first electrode, said second layer, or said second electrode is reflective and said laminate is a mirror.
11. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said first optical property is opaque and said second optical property is transparent to visible light and absorbs infrared light.
12. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said first optical property is opaque and said second optical property is optically scattering to visible light spectrum.
13. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said first and second optical properties are colors.
14. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said first optical property is a color and said first particle transmits primarily blue light and wherein said second optical property is a color and said second particle transmits at least most of red light.
15. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said first and second optical properties are colors that are complementary.
16. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said cell gap between said foraminous insulating third layer and said second electrode is supported by a spacer layer.
17. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said laminate is flexible, wherein said laminate is adhered to a glass panel.
18. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said first and second layers are glass.
19. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein one of said first and second layers is rigid and the other of said first and second layers is a flexible film.
20. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said foraminous insulating third layer defines a continuous spacer and wherein said third electrode is on a top surface of said spacer, wherein said spacer defines a plurality of closed cells.
21. The laminate claimed in claim 1 wherein said foraminous insulating third layer comprises a mesh pattern.
22. A laminate including electro kinetic pixels comprising:
at least two planar electrodes separated by a cell gap;
at least one third electrode in the geometry of a grid between said first and said second electrodes;
an insulating fourth layer contacting said first electrode and said third electrode, and insulating said first electrode from said third electrode;
said cell gap including a colloidal dispersion of first particles and second particles;
said first particles having a positive charge and a first optical property; and
said second particles having a negative charge and a second optical property different from said first particle.