Ion-exchange membrane with molecular barrier
Disclosed is an ion-exchange membrane that includes a molecular barrier for influencing permeation selectivity through the membrane. The membrane includes fluorinated carbon backbone chains and fluorinated side chains that extend off of the fluorinated carbon backbone chains. The fluorinated side chains include acid groups for ionic conductivity. The acid groups surround and define permeable domains that are free of the fluorinated carbon backbone chains. Molecular barriers are located in the permeable domains and influence permeability through the domains.
1. An ion-exchange membrane comprising:
fluorinated carbon backbone chains;
fluorinated side chains extending off of the fluorinated carbon backbone chains, the fluorinated side chains including acid groups for ionic conductivity, the acid groups surrounding and defining permeable domains which are free of the fluorinated carbon backbone chains; and
molecular barriers in the permeable domains and influencing permeability through the permeable domains, the molecular barriers including at least one of nonoxynol-9, pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether, and monolaurin.
2. The ion-exchange membrane as recited in claim 1 , wherein the at least one of nonoxynol-9, pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether, and monolaurin is covalently bonded to the acid groups and that extend off of the acid groups away from the fluorinated carbon backbone chains.
3. The ion-exchange membrane as recited in claim 2 , wherein the carbon chain molecules include polar moieties.
4. The ion-exchange membrane as recited in claim 1 , wherein the molecular barriers include molecules that are molecularly caged within the permeable domains.
5. The ion-exchange membrane as recited in claim 4 , wherein the molecules include silicon.
6. The ion-exchange membrane as recited in claim 5 , wherein the molecules include siloxane.
7. The ion-exchange membrane as recited in claim 1 , wherein the molecular barriers are nonoxynol-9.
8. The ion-exchange membrane as recited in claim 1 , wherein the molecular barriers are pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether.
9. The ion-exchange membrane as recited in claim 1 , wherein the molecular barriers are monolaurin.
10. A flow battery comprising:
at least one cell including a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode and an electrolyte separator layer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode;
a supply/storage system external of the at least one cell, the supply/storage system including first and second vessels fluidly connected with the at least one cell; and
first and second fluid electrolytes in the supply/storage system,
wherein the electrolyte separator layer includes an ion-exchange membrane of a polymer comprising fluorinated carbon backbone chains, fluorinated side chains extending off of the fluorinated carbon backbone chains, the fluorinated side chains including acid groups for ionic conductivity, the acid groups surrounding and defining permeable domains which are free of the fluorinated carbon backbone chains, and molecular barriers in the permeable domains and influencing permeability through the permeable domains, the molecular barriers including at least one of nonoxynol-9, pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether, and monolaurin.
11. The flow battery as recited in claim 10 , wherein the molecular barriers are nonoxynol-9.
12. The flow battery as recited in claim 10 , wherein the molecular barriers are pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether.
13. The flow battery as recited in claim 10 , wherein the molecular barriers are monolaurin.
14. A method of fabricating an ion-exchange membrane, the method comprising:
providing a polymer membrane that has fluorinated carbon backbone chains and fluorinated side chains extending off of the fluorinated carbon backbone chains, the fluorinated side chains including acid groups for ionic conductivity, the acid groups surrounding and defining permeable domains which are free of the fluorinated carbon backbone chains; and
infiltrating the polymer membrane with an additive that includes a precursor, the additive infiltrating into the permeable domains; and
chemically converting the precursor to form molecular barriers in the permeable domains, the molecular barriers including at least one of nonoxynol-9, pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether, and monolaurin.
15. The method as recited in claim 14 , wherein the infiltrating includes soaking the polymer membrane in a solution that contains the additives.
16. The method as recited in claim 14 , wherein the converting is by sol-gel conversion.
17. The method as recited in claim 14 , including, prior to the infiltrating with the additive, infiltrating the polymer membrane with water.
18. The method as recited in claim 14 , wherein the molecular barriers are nonoxynol-9.
19. The method as recited in claim 14 , wherein the molecular barriers are pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether.
20. The method as recited in claim 14 , wherein the molecular barriers are monolaurin.