Use of certain polymers as a charge store
The present invention relates to polymers and to the use thereof in the form of active electrode material or in an electrode slurry as electrical charge storage means, the electrical charge storage means especially being secondary batteries. These secondary batteries are especially notable for high cell voltages, and simple and scalable processing and production methods (for example by means of screen printing).
1. A redox-active electrode material, comprising:
a conductivity additive selected from the group consisting of carbon materials and electrically conductive polymers;
a binder additive selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly sulphones, cellulose derivatives, and polyurethanes; and
a polymer, comprising n 1 mutually linked repeat units of the following chemical structure (I) or n 2 mutually linked repeat units of the following chemical structure (II):
wherein
n 1 and n 2 are each independently an integer≥4,
m 1 , m 2 , and m 3 are each independently an integer≥0,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (I) within the polymer are the same or different from one another,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (II) within the polymer are the same or different from one another,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (I) within the polymer are joined to one another in such a way that the bond identified by “# #” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “#” in the adjacent repeat unit and the bond identified by “§§ ” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “§ ” in the adjacent repeat unit,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (II) within the polymer are joined to one another in such a way that the bond identified by “*” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “**” in the adjacent repeat unit,
the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, (hetero)aromatic radical, and
aliphatic radical optionally substituted by at least one group selected from nitro group, —NH 2 , —CN, —SH, —OH and halogen and optionally having at least one group selected from ether, thioether, amino ether, carbonyl group, carboxylic ester group, carboxamide group, sulphonic ester group and phosphoric ester,
at least two of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , and A 6 are each an oxygen or sulphur atom and the others of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , and A 6 are each a direct bond,
at least two of A 7 , A 8 , A 9 , A 10 , A 11 and A 12 are each an oxygen or sulphur atom and the others of A 7 , A 8 , A 9 , A 10 , A 11 and A 12 are each a direct bond,
at least two radicals in ortho positions to one another among the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 radicals and/or at least two radicals in ortho positions to one another among the R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 radicals may each also be bridged by at least one (hetero)aromatic ring or aliphatic ring optionally substituted by at least one group selected from nitro group, —NH 2 , —CN, —SH, —OH, halogen and alkyl group and optionally having at least one group selected from ether, thioether, amino ether, carbonyl group, carboxylic ester group, carboxamide group, sulphonic ester group and phosphoric ester,
the R 1 radical in the case that A 1 =direct bond, the R 2 radical in the case that A 2 =direct bond, the R 3 radical in the case that A 3 =direct bond, the R 4 radical in the case that A 4 =direct bond, the R 19 radical in the case that A 12 =direct bond, the R 20 radical in the case that A 8 =direct bond, the R 21 radical in the case that A 9 =direct bond, the R 22 radical in the case that A 10 =direct bond, the R 23 radical in the case that A 11 =direct bond and the R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 radicals may each also be selected from the group consisting of
nitro group, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —COOR 36 , —C(═O)NHR 37 , and —NR 38 R 39 , where R 36 , R 37 , R 38 , and R 39 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (hetero)aromatic radical, and aliphatic radical optionally substituted by at least one group selected from nitro group, —NH 2 , —CN, —SH, —OH, and halogen and optionally having at least one group selected from ether, thioether, amino ether, carbonyl group, carboxylic ester group, carboxamide group, sulphonic ester group, and phosphoric ester,
and wherein the R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 9 , R 10 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 radicals may independently also be a radical of the formula —O—R 40 where R 40 is an aliphatic radical optionally substituted by at least one group selected from nitro group, —NH 2 , —CN, —SH, —OH, and halogen and optionally having at least one group selected from the group consisting of ether, thioether, amino ether, carbonyl group, carboxylic ester group, carboxamide group, sulphonic ester group, and phosphoric ester,
B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of
&—(CH 2 ) p1 —&& where p1 is an integer from 1 to 4, and where at least one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—,
&—(CH 2 ) r1 —B 5 —(CH 2 ) r2 —&& where B 5 is a (hetero)aromatic divalent 6-membered ring, 3-membered ring or 5-membered ring and r1, r2 are each 0 or 1, where r1+r2≤1,
&—(CH 2 ) q1 —B 6 —(CH 2 ) q2 —&& with B 6 ═O, S, NH; q1=0, 1, 2 and q2=1, 2, 3 where q1+q2≤3 and where one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—, and
&—O—C(═O)—NH—CH 2 —&&,
B 1 , in the case that A 5 =direct bond, B 2 in the case that A 6 =direct bond, B 3 in the case that A 7 =direct bond, may each independently also be selected from the group consisting of
&—(CH 2 ) 5 —&& where at least one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—,
&—(CH 2 ) v1 —B 7 —(CH 2 ) v2 —&& with B 7 ═O, S, NH; v1=0, 1, 2, 3 and v2=1, 2, 3, 4, where v1+v2=4 and where one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—,
&—(CH 2 ) t1 — B 8 —(CH 2 ) t2 —&& where B 8 is a (hetero)aromatic divalent 3-membered ring, 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring and t1, t2 are each 0 or 2, where t1+t2≤2,
&—CH 2 —O—C(═O)—NH—CH 2 —&&, &—O—C(═O)—NH—&&, &—CH 2 —O—C(═O)—NH—&&, and
&—CH 2 —CH 2 —O—C(═O)—NH—&&, &—O—C(═O)—NH—CH 2 —CH 2 —&&,
wherein
B 1 , in the case that A 5 =O or S, B 2 in the case that A 6 =O or S, B 3 in the case that A 7 =O or S, may in each case also be a direct bond,
in the B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 radicals, at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom or nitrogen atom may be replaced by a halogen atom or an alkyl group,
“&&” for B 1 denotes the bond pointing toward A 5 , for B 2 the bond pointing toward A 6 , and for B 3 the bond pointing toward A 7 ,
and “&” for B 1 denotes the bond pointing toward R 5 , for B 2 the bond pointing toward R 8 , and for B 3 the bond pointing toward R 24 .
2. The redox-active electrode material according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises n 1 mutually linked repeat units of the chemical structure (I) or n 2 mutually linked repeat units of the chemical structure (II)
wherein
n 1 and n 2 are each independently an integer≥4,
m 1 , m 2 , and m 3 are each independently an integer≥0,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (I) within the polymer are the same or different from one another,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (II) within the polymer are the same or different from one another,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (I) within the polymer are joined to one another in such a way that the bond identified by “# #” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “#” in the adjacent repeat unit and the bond identified by “§§ ” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “§ ” in the adjacent repeat unit,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (II) within the polymer are joined to one another in such a way that the bond identified by “*” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “**” in the adjacent repeat unit,
the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, and
aliphatic radical optionally substituted by at least one group selected from nitro group, —NH 2 , —CN, —SH, —OH, and halogen and optionally having at least one group selected from ether, thioether, amino ether, carbonyl group, carboxylic ester group, carboxamide group, sulphonic ester group, and phosphoric ester,
R 11 , R 13 , R 15 , and R 17 radicals may each independently also be a group of the general structure (III):
wherein the R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , and R 35 radicals may independently be as defined for
at least two of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , and A 6 are each an oxygen or sulphur atom and the others of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , A 6 are each a direct bond,
at least two of A 7 , A 8 , A 9 , A 10 , A 11 , and A 12 are each an oxygen or sulphur atom and the others of A 7 , A 8 , A 9 , A 10 , A 11 , A 12 are each a direct bond,
at least two of A 13 , A 14 , A 15 , A 16 , A 17 , and A 18 are each an oxygen or sulphur atom and the others of A 13 , A 14 , A 15 , A 16 , A 17 , and A 18 are each a direct bond,
and wherein at least two radicals in ortho positions to one another among the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 radicals and/or at least two radicals in ortho positions to one another among the R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 radicals and/or at least two radicals in ortho positions to one another among the R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 radicals may each also be bridged by at least one (hetero)aromatic ring or aliphatic ring optionally substituted by at least one group selected from nitro group, —NH 2 , —CN, —SH, —OH, halogen, and alkyl group and optionally having at least one group selected from ether, thioether, amino ether, carbonyl group, carboxylic ester group, carboxamide group, sulphonic ester group, and phosphoric ester,
the R 1 radical in the case that A 1 =direct bond, the R 2 radical in the case that A 2 =direct bond, the R 3 radical in the case that A 3 =direct bond, the R 4 radical in the case that A 4 =direct bond, the R 19 radical in the case that A 12 =direct bond, the R 20 radical in the case that A 8 =direct bond, the R 21 radical in the case that A 9 =direct bond, the R 22 radical in the case that A 10 =direct bond, the R 23 radical in the case that A 11 =direct bond, the R 31 radical in the case that A 14 =direct bond, the R 32 radical in the case that A 15 =direct bond, the R 33 radical in the case that A 16 =direct bond, the R 34 radical in the case that A 17 =direct bond, the R 35 radical in the case that A 18 =direct bond and the R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 radicals may each also be selected from the group consisting of
nitro group, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —COOR 36 , —C(═O)NHR 37 , and —NR 38 R 39 , where R 36 , R 37 , R 38 , R 39 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (hetero)aromatic radical, and aliphatic radical optionally substituted by at least one group selected from nitro group, —NH 2 , —CN, —SH, —OH, and halogen and optionally having at least one group selected from ether, thioether, amino ether, carbonyl group, carboxylic ester group, carboxamide group, sulphonic ester group, and phosphoric ester,
wherein the R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 radicals may independently also be a radical of the formula —O—R 40 where R 40 is an aliphatic radical optionally substituted by at least one group selected from nitro group, —NH 2 , —CN, —SH, —OH, and halogen and optionally having at least one group selected from ether, thioether, amino ether, carbonyl group, carboxylic ester group, carboxamide group, sulphonic ester group and phosphoric ester,
B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of
&—(CH 2 ) p1 —&& where p1 is an integer from 1 to 4, and where at least one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—, and
&—(CH 2 ) r1 —B 5 —(CH 2 ) r2 —&& where B′ is a (hetero)aromatic divalent 6-membered ring, 3-membered ring or 5-membered ring and r1, r2 are each 0 or 1, where r1+r2≤1,
&—(CH 2 ) q1 —B 6 —(CH 2 ) q2 —&& with B 6 ═O, S, NH; q1=0, 1, 2 and q2=1, 2, 3 where q1+q2≤3 and where one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—,
&—O—C(═O)—NH—CH 2 —&&,
B 1 , in the case that A 5 =direct bond, B 2 in the case that A 6 =direct bond, B 3 in the case that A 7 =direct bond, B 4 in the case that A 13 =direct bond, may each independently also be selected from the group consisting of
&—(CH 2 ) 5 —&& where at least one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—,
&—(CH 2 ) v1 —B 7 —(CH 2 ) v2 —&& with B 7 ═O, S, NH; v1=0, 1, 2, 3 and v2=1, 2, 3, 4, where v1+v2=4 and where one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—,
&—(CH 2 ) t1 —B 8 —(CH 2 ) t2 —&& where B 8 is a (hetero)aromatic divalent 3-membered ring, 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring and t1, t2 are each 0 or 2, where t1+t2≤2,
&—CH 2 —O—C(═O)—NH—CH 2 —&&, &—O—C(═O)—NH—&&, &—CH 2 —O—C(═O)—NH—&&, and
&—CH 2 —CH 2 —O—C(═O)—NH—&&, &—O—C(═O)—NH—CH 2 —CH 2 —&&,
B 1 , in the case that A 5 =O or S, B 2 in the case that A 6 =O or S, B 3 in the case that A 7 =O or S, B 4 in the case that A 13 =O or S, may in each case also be a direct bond,
in the B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 radicals, at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom or nitrogen atom may be replaced by a halogen atom or an alkyl group,
“&&” for B 1 denotes the bond pointing toward A 5 , for B 2 the bond pointing toward A 6 , for B 3 the bond pointing toward A 7 , and for B 4 the bond pointing toward A 13 ,
and “&” for B 1 denotes the bond pointing toward R 5 , for B 2 the bond pointing toward R 8 , for B 3 the bond pointing toward R 24 , and for B 4 the bond pointing toward R 12 or R 14 or R 16 or R 18 .
3. The redox-active electrode material according to claim 2 , wherein the polymer comprises n 1 mutually linked repeat units of the chemical structure (I) or n 2 mutually linked repeat units of the chemical structure (II)
wherein
n 1 and n 2 are each independently an integer≥4 and ≤5000,
m 1 , m 2 , and m 3 are each independently an integer≥0 and ≤5000,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (I) within the polymer are the same or different from one another,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (II) within the polymer are the same or different from one another,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (I) within the polymer are joined to one another in such a way that the bond identified by “# #” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “#” in the adjacent repeat unit and the bond identified by “§§ ” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “§ ” in the adjacent repeat unit,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (II) within the polymer are joined to one another in such a way that the bond identified by “*” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “**” in the adjacent repeat unit,
the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, and alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms,
R 22 is an alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms,
the R 11 , R 13 , R 15 , and R 17 radicals may each independently also be a group of the general structure (III):
wherein the R 31 , R 32 , R 34 , and R 35 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms,
R 33 is an alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms,
and wherein R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 may each also be selected from the group consisting of
nitro group, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, and —O—R 40 where R 40 is an alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms,
B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of
direct bond,
&—(CH 2 ) p1 —&& where p1 is an integer from 1 to 4, and where at least one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—,
&—(CH 2 ) r1 —B 5 —(CH 2 ) r2 —&& where B 5 is a (hetero)aromatic divalent 6-membered ring, 3-membered ring or 5-membered ring and r1, r2 are each 0 or 1, where r1+r2≤1,
&—(CH 2 ) q1 —B 6 —(CH 2 ) q2 —&& with B 6 ═O, S, NH; q1=0, 1, 2 and q2=1, 2, 3 where q1+q2≤3 and where one —CH 2 — group may also be replaced by —C(═O)—, and
&—O—C(═O)—NH—CH 2 —&&.
4. The redox-active electrode material according to claim 3 , wherein the polymer comprises n 1 mutually linked repeat units of the chemical structure (I) or n 2 mutually linked repeat units of the chemical structure (II)
wherein
n 1 and n 2 are each independently an integer≥10 and ≤1000,
m 1 , m 2 , and m 3 are each independently an integer≥0 and ≤1000,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (I) within the polymer are the same or different from one another,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (II) within the polymer are the same or different from one another,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (I) within the polymer are joined to one another in such a way that the bond identified by “# #” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “#” in the adjacent repeat unit and the bond identified by “§§ ” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “§ ” in the adjacent repeat unit,
the repeat units of the chemical structure (II) within the polymer are joined to one another in such a way that the bond identified by “*” in a particular repeat unit is joined by the bond identified by “**” in the adjacent repeat unit,
the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R 22 is an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
the R 11 , R 13 , R 15 and R 17 radicals may each independently also be a group of the general structure (III):
wherein the R 31 , R 32 , R 34 , and R 35 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R 33 is an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
and wherein R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 may each also be selected from the group consisting of
nitro group, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, and —O—R 40 where R 40 is an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of direct bond,
&—(CH 2 ) p1 —&& where p1 is an integer from 1 to 3,
&—B 5 —CH 2 —&& where B 5 =phenylene,
&—(CH 2 ) q1 —B 6 —(CH 2 ) q2 —&& with B 6 ═O, S; q1=0, 1, 2 and q2=1, 2, 3 where q1+q2≤3, and
&—O—C(═O)—NH—CH 2 —&&.
5. The redox-active electrode material according to claim 4 , wherein R 1 ═R 3 , R 2 ═R 4 , R 19 ═R 21 , R 20 ═R 23 , R 31 ═R 34 and R 32 ═R 35 .
6. The redox-active electrode material according to claim 5 , wherein
R 1 ═R 3 ═H, R 2 ═R 4 =alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R 19 ═R 21 ═H, R 20 ═R 23 =alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R 31 ═R 34 ═H, R 32 ═R 35 =alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and
B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of direct bond, methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, and &—B 5 —CH 2 —&& where B 5 =1,4-phenylene.
7. The redox-active electrode material according to claim 6 , wherein
R 1 ═R 3 ═H, R 2 ═R 4 =alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
R 19 ═R 21 ═H, R 20 ═R 23 =alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and
R 31 ═R 34 ═H, R 32 ═R 35 =alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
8. The redox-active electrode material according to claim 7 , wherein
R 1 ═R 3 ═H, R 2 ═R 4 =tert-butyl group,
R 19 ═R 21 ═H, R 20 ═R 23 ═tert-butyl group, R 31 ═R 34 ═H, and
R 32 ═R 35 =tert-butyl group.
9. An electrical charge storage method, comprising employing the redox-active electrode material according to claim 1 for electrical charge storage.
10. An electrical charge storage method, comprising adding the redox-active electrode material according to claim 1 in an electrode slurry for electrical charge storage.