Conversion of biomass or residual waste materials to biofuels
The present invention provides a process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from solid biomass and/or residual waste feedstocks, said process comprising the steps of: a) a first stage of hydropyrolysing the solid feedstock in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel in the presence of molecular hydrogen and one or more deoxygenation catalysts, producing a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H 2 O, H 2 , CO 2 , CO, C 1 -C 3 gases, char and catalyst fines; b) removing said char and catalyst fines from said product stream; c) a second stage of hydroconverting said partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalysts and of the H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, H 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gas generated in step a), producing a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H 2 O, CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases; d) condensing the vapour phase product of step d) to provide a liquid phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and aqueous material and separating said liquid phase product from a gas phase product comprising H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases; e) removing the aqueous material from the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid; and f) a third stage comprising combining an aliphatic hydrocarbon precursor or an aromatic hydrocarbon precursor with at least a portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and co-processing the resultant liquid in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in the presence of hydrogen and one or more hydroprocessing catalysts.
1. A process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from solid biomass and/or residual waste feedstocks comprising:
a) a first stage of hydropyrolysing the solid biomass and/or residual waste feedstocks in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel in the presence of molecular hydrogen and one or more deoxygenation catalysts, to produce a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H 2 O, H 2 , CO 2 , CO, C 1 -C 3 gases, char and catalyst fines;
b) removing the char and catalyst fines from the product stream;
c) a second stage of hydroconverting the partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalysts and of the H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, H 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases generated in step a), to produce a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H 2 O, CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases;
d) condensing the vapour phase product of step c) to provide a liquid phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and aqueous material and separating the liquid phase product from a gas phase product comprising H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases;
e) removing the aqueous material from the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid; and
f) a third stage comprising combining an aliphatic hydrocarbon precursor or an aromatic hydrocarbon precursor with at least a portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid to form a resultant liquid, and co-processing the resultant liquid in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in the presence of hydrogen and one or more hydroprocessing catalysts,
wherein the aliphatic hydrocarbon precursor comprises one or more materials selected from triglyceride-containing components, algal oils, algal lipids, crude tall oil from pulp and paper production, mono- and diglycerides, free fatty acids, alkyl esters of fatty acids and greases; and
wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon precursor comprises one or more materials selected from pyrolysis gasoline (pygas), FCC gasoline, coker naphtha and oxygenated hydrocarbons derived from lignin depolymerisation.
2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the third stage of the process further comprises a hydrotreating reactor containing one or more catalysts capable of hydrodesulfurisation and/or hydrodeoxygenation and the resultant liquid is co-processed in the hydrotreating reactor before being co-processed in the hydroprocessing reactor vessel.
3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the gas phase product comprising CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases is subjected to a reforming and water-gas shift process in order to produce hydrogen.
4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the deoxygenation catalyst comprises one or more sulfided metals selected from the group of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and tungsten supported on an oxidic support selected from the group of alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, binary oxides and zeolites.
5. A process according to claim 4 , wherein the deoxygenation catalyst comprises either a sulfided nickel/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support or a sulfided cobalt/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support.
6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the hydroconversion catalyst comprises one or more sulfided metals selected from the group of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and tungsten supported on an oxidic support selected from the group of alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, binary oxides and zeolites.
7. A process according to claim 6 , wherein the hydroconversion catalyst comprises either a sulfided nickel/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support or a sulfided cobalt/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support.
8. A process according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more hydroprocessing catalysts comprises one or more metals selected from nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium on an oxidic support.
9. A process according to claim 1 , wherein at least two hydroprocessing catalysts are used.
10. A process according to claim 1 , wherein before step f), the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid is subjected to distillation in order to separate it into fractions according to the ranges of the boiling points of the liquid products contained therein and step f) is carried out on one or more of the fractions.