Fuel composition
A fuel composition for powering a combustion engine, the composition comprising: a liquid base fuel; and a (co)polymer obtainable by (co)polymerizing at least the following monomers: •at least one bicyclic (meth)acrylate ester •optionally at least one lower-alkyl (meth)acrylate, •optionally at least one aromatic vinyl monomer, and •optionally other ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
1. A fuel composition for powering a combustion engine, the composition comprising:
a liquid base fuel; and
a copolymer formed by copolymerizing monomers, the monomers comprising at least the following:
at least one bicyclic methacrylate ester at a concentration of 22 wt. % to 95 wt. %, wherein the at least one bicyclic methacrylate ester is according to Formula I:
wherein:
R is selected from the group consisting of H and —CH 3 ,
A is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )—, and —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, and
M is covalently bonded to a carbon atom of a six-membered ring and is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a methyl group, and a plurality thereof;
at least one lower-alkyl methacrylate at a concentration of 5 wt. % to 78 wt. %, wherein the at least one lower-alkyl methacrylate comprises a C 1 -C 7 alkyl methacrylate;
at least one aromatic vinyl monomer at a concentration of 0 wt. % to 45 wt. %; and
other ethylenically unsaturated monomers at a concentration of 0 wt. % to 50 wt. %,
wherein the copolymer comprises
up to a total of 100 wt. %, wherein the weight percentages of the monomer are based on the total weight of all the monomers, and
wherein the copolymer has a weight averaged molecular weight of 1,500,000 Dalton to 10,000,000 Dalton.
2. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein one or more of:
the bicyclic methacrylate ester is at the concentration of 40 wt. % to 90 wt. %, bicyclic (meth)acrylate ester;
the lower-alkyl methacrylate is at the concentration of 5 wt. % to 60 wt. %,
the aromatic vinyl monomer is at the concentration of 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %, and
the ethylenically unsaturated monomers are at the concentration of 0 wt. % to 40 wt. %,
up to a total of 100 wt. %, wherein the weight percentages of the monomer are based on the total weight of all the monomers.
3. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the other ethylenically unsaturated monomers are at a concentration of less than 20 wt. %.
4. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the bicyclic methacrylate is at least 15% higher than the concentration of the aromatic vinyl monomer.
5. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one bicyclic methacrylate ester comprises, or is, isobornyl methacrylate.
6. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one lower-alkyl methacrylate comprises iso-butyl methacrylate.
7. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one aromatic vinyl monomer comprises styrene.
8. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the copolymer has a weight averaged molecular weight of at least 2,000,000 Dalton.
9. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the copolymer has a glass transition temperature from 50° C. to 205° C.
10. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the liquid base fuel is a diesel base fuel and the fuel composition is a diesel fuel composition.
11. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the fuel composition comprises the copolymer at a concentration of 10 ppm to 300 ppm, by weight of the fuel composition.
12. A method of blending a fuel composition, the method comprising:
the method comprising blending a copolymer or an additive package containing the copolymer with a liquid base fuel,
wherein the copolymer is formed by copolymerizing monomers, the monomers comprising at least the following:
at least one bicyclic methacrylate ester at a concentration of 22 wt. % to 95 wt. %, wherein the at least one bicyclic methacrylate ester is according to Formula I:
wherein:
R is selected from the group consisting of H and —CH 3 ,
A is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )—, and —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, and
M is covalently bonded to a carbon atom of a six-membered ring and is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a methyl group, and a plurality thereof;
at least one lower-alkyl methacrylate at a concentration of 5 wt. % to 78 wt. %, wherein the at least one lower-alkyl methacrylate comprises a C 1 -C 7 alkyl methacrylate;
at least one aromatic vinyl monomer at a concentration of 0 wt. % to 45 wt. %; and
other ethylenically unsaturated monomers at a concentration of 0 wt. % to 50 wt. %,
wherein the copolymer comprises
up to a total of 100 wt. %, wherein the weight percentages of the monomer are based on the total weight of all the monomers, and
wherein the copolymer has a weight averaged molecular weight of 1,500,000 Dalton to 10,000,000 Dalton.