Reactor with advanced architecture for the electrochemical reaction of CO
A platform technology that uses a novel membrane electrode assembly, including a cathode layer, an anode layer, a membrane layer arranged between the cathode layer and the anode layer, the membrane conductively connecting the cathode layer and the anode layer, in a CO x reduction reactor has been developed. The reactor can be used to synthesize a broad range of carbon-based compounds from carbon dioxide and other gases containing carbon.
1. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
a cathode layer comprising a reduction catalyst and a first anion-conducting polymer;
an anode layer comprising an oxidation catalyst and a first cation-conducting polymer;
a membrane layer comprising a second cation-conducting polymer, the membrane layer arranged between the cathode layer and the anode layer, the membrane layer conductively connecting the cathode layer and the anode layer; and
a cathode buffer layer having a first porosity between about 0.01 and 95 percent by volume such that gas can be transported in the cathode buffer layer, the cathode buffer layer comprising a second anion-conducting polymer, wherein the cathode buffer layer is arranged between the cathode layer and the membrane layer and conductively connects the cathode layer and the membrane layer; wherein the cathode buffer layer further comprises inert filler particles, wherein the first porosity is formed by the inert filler particles.
2. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , further comprising an anode buffer layer, comprising a third cation-conducting polymer, arranged between the membrane layer and the anode layer.
3. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 2 , wherein the second and third cation-conducting polymers comprise a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer, and wherein the anode buffer layer has a second porosity between about 0.01 and 95 percent by volume.
4. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 2 , wherein the second anion-conducting polymer is selected from a group consisting of Sustainion, FumaSep FAA-3, and Tokuyama anion exchange polymer.
5. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the inert filler particles comprise at least one of diamond particles, boron-doped diamond particles, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) particles, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles.
6. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein a size of each of the inert filler particles is between about 10 nanometers and about 200 nanometers.
7. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first and second anion-conducting polymers comprise Sustainion.
8. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first porosity is between 1 and 90 percent by volume.
9. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein at least one layer between the cathode layer and the anode layer is nonporous.
10. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the membrane layer is nonporous.
11. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
a cathode layer comprising a reduction catalyst and a first anion-conducting polymer;
an anode layer comprising an oxidation catalyst and a first cation-conducting polymer;
a membrane layer having a first porosity between about 0.01 and 95 percent by volume such that gas can be transported in the membrane layer, the membrane layer comprising inert filler particles and a second anion-conducting polymer, the membrane layer arranged between the cathode layer and the anode layer, the membrane layer conductively connecting the cathode layer and the anode layer, wherein the first porosity is formed by the inert filler particles; and
an anode buffer layer, comprising a second cation-conducting polymer, wherein the anode buffer layer is arranged between the anode layer and the membrane layer and conductively connects the anode layer and the membrane layer.
12. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 11 , wherein the second-anion conducting polymer is selected from a group consisting of Sustainion, FumaSep FAA-3, and Tokuyama anion exchange polymer.
13. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 11 , further comprising a cathode buffer layer having a second porosity between about 0.01 and 95 percent by volume, the cathode buffer layer comprising a third anion-conducting polymer, wherein the cathode buffer layer is arranged between the cathode layer and the membrane layer and conductively connects the cathode layer and the membrane layer.
14. A CO x , reduction reactor comprising:
a membrane electrode assembly comprising:
a cathode layer comprising a reduction catalyst and a first anion-conducting polymer;
an anode layer comprising an oxidation catalyst and a first cation-conducting polymer;
a membrane layer comprising a second cation-conducting polymer, the membrane layer arranged between the cathode layer and the anode layer and conductively connecting the cathode layer and the anode layer; and
a cathode buffer layer comprising inert filler particles and a second anion-conducting polymer, the cathode buffer layer having a first porosity between about 1 and 90 percent by volume such that gas can be transported in the cathode buffer layer, wherein the first porosity is formed by the inert filler particles, wherein the cathode buffer layer is arranged between the cathode layer and the membrane layer and conductively connects the cathode layer and the membrane layer;
a cathode manifold coupled to the cathode layer; and
an anode manifold coupled to the anode layer.
15. The CO x , reduction reactor of claim 14 , wherein the cathode manifold comprises a cathode support structure adjacent to the cathode layer, the cathode support structure comprising:
a cathode polar plate;
a cathode gas diffusion layer arranged between the cathode polar plate and the cathode layer;
a first inlet fluidly connected to the cathode gas diffusion layer; and
a first outlet fluidly connected to the cathode gas diffusion layer; and
wherein the anode manifold comprises an anode support structure adjacent to the anode layer, the anode support structure comprising:
an anode polar plate;
an anode gas diffusion layer arranged between the anode polar plate and the anode layer;
a second inlet fluidly connected to the anode gas diffusion layer; and
a second outlet fluidly connected to the anode gas diffusion layer.
16. The CO x reduction reactor of claim 14 , wherein anion-conducting polymers are selected from a group consisting of FumaSep FAA-3 and Sustainion.
17. The CO x reduction reactor of claim 14 , wherein the second cation-conducting polymer is selected from the group consisting of: Nafion 324, Nafion 350, Nafion 417, Nafion 424, Nafion 438, Nafion 450, Nafion 521, and Nafion 551.
18. The CO x reduction reactor of claim 14 , wherein the second cation-conducting polymer is selected from a group consisting of Aquivion, GORE-SELECT, and Flemion.
19. The CO x reduction reactor of claim 18 , wherein the first and second anion-conducting polymers comprise identical polymers.
20. The CO x reduction reactor of claim 14 , wherein the second anion-conducting polymer is selected from a group consisting of FumaSep FAA-3, Sustainion, and Tokuyama anion exchange polymer.
21. The CO x reduction reactor of claim 14 , wherein the second cation-conducting polymer comprises PSFA.
22. The CO x , reduction reactor of claim 14 , wherein the first porosity is between 1 and 90 percent by volume.
23. The CO x , reduction reactor of claim 14 , wherein at least one layer between the cathode layer and the anode layer is nonporous.
24. The CO x , reduction reactor claim 14 , wherein the membrane layer is nonporous.