Emissions treatment system with ammonia-generating and SCR catalysts
Provided are emissions treatment systems for an exhaust stream having an ammonia-generating component, such as a NOx storage reduction (NSR) catalyst or a lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst, and an SCR catalyst disposed downstream of the ammonia-generating catalyst. The SCR catalyst can be a molecular sieve having the CHA crystal structure, for example SSZ-13 or SAPO-34, which can be ion-exchanged with copper. The LNT can be layered, having an undercoat washcoat layer comprising a support material, at least one precious metal, and at least one NOx sorbent selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth elements, rare earth elements, and combinations thereof and a top washcoat layer comprising a support material, at least one precious metal, and ceria in particulate form, the top washcoat layer being substantially free of alkaline earth components. The emissions treatment system is advantageously used for the treatment of exhaust streams from diesel engines and lean burn gasoline engines.
1. An emissions treatment system for an exhaust stream of a diesel engine or a lean burn gasoline engine comprising:
an upstream ammonia-generating catalyst with dual catalytic function, the ammonia-generating catalyst including at least a NOx sorbent provided on a carrier and one or more platinum group metals that promote oxidation and reduction of nitrogen species provided on the carrier, wherein the NOx sorbent is present as a first coating on the carrier, and the one or more platinum group metals that promote oxidation and reduction of nitrogen species is present as a second, separate coating on the carrier; and
a downstream SCR catalyst comprising a molecular sieve having the CHA crystal structure.
2. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the ammonia-generating catalyst comprises a lean NOx trap (LNT) catalytic material capable of adsorbing NOx during lean engine operation and reducing NOx to N 2 , desorbing NOx, and generating NH 3 during rich engine operation.
3. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one NOx sorbent comprises an element selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth elements, rare earth elements, and combinations thereof.
4. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the NOx sorbent is present as an undercoat washcoat layer on the carrier, and the one or more platinum group metals that promote oxidation and reduction of nitrogen species is present as a top washcoat layer.
5. The emissions treatment system of claim 4 , wherein the top washcoat layer is substantially free of alkaline earth components.
6. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the ammonia-generating catalyst with dual catalytic function is disposed on a carrier that is a flow through monolith.
7. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more platinum group metals that promote oxidation and reduction of nitrogen species is present in an amount in the range of 50 to 200 g/ft 3 .
8. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the upstream ammonia-generating catalyst with dual catalytic function comprises a washcoat layer including one or more refractory metal oxides supporting at least one alkaline earth element and at least one platinum group metal.
9. The emissions treatment system of claim 8 , wherein the one or more refractory metal oxides are selected from the group consisting of alumina, ceria, zirconia, and combinations thereof.
10. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the upstream ammonia-generating catalyst with dual catalytic function comprises a washcoat layer including alumina, ceria, at least one platinum group metal, and at least one of barium oxide and magnesium oxide.
11. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the SCR catalyst is present in an amount in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 g/in 3 .
12. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the molecular sieve having the CHA crystal structure has a mole ratio of silica to alumina of from about 15 to about 256.
13. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the molecular sieve having the CHA crystal structure is a base metal exchanged material.
14. The emissions treatment system of claim 13 , wherein the molecular sieve having the CHA crystal structure has a mole ratio of base metal to alumina of from about 0.30 to about 0.50.
15. The emissions treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the molecular sieve having the CHA crystal structure is a copper chabazite (CuCHA) disposed on a carrier or a copper SAPO (CuSAPO) disposed on a carrier.
16. The emissions treatment system of claim 15 , wherein the carrier comprises a wall flow filter having a plurality of longitudinally extending passages formed by longitudinally extending walls bounding and defining said passages, wherein the passages comprise inlet passages having an open inlet end and a closed outlet end, and outlet passages having a closed inlet end and an open outlet end.
17. The emissions treatment system of claim 16 , wherein the filter is coated by the SCR catalyst in the range of about 10% to 100%of the axial length.
18. A method of converting NOx in an exhaust gas stream from a diesel engine or lean burn gasoline engine to N 2 comprising: routing the exhaust gas stream through the emissions treatment system of claim 1 .
19. The method of claim 18 , comprising:
(a) contacting the exhaust gas stream comprising NOx in a lean period with the upstream ammonia-generating catalyst with dual catalytic function to sorb NOx from the exhaust gas stream;
(b) periodically altering the air/fuel ratio of the exhaust stream to provide a rich gaseous stream during a rich period;
(c) contacting the rich gaseous stream with the upstream ammonia-generating catalyst with dual catalytic function to reduce a portion of the sorbed NOx to ammonia and sorb ammonia on the downstream SCR catalyst; and
(d) subsequently reacting ammonia sorbed on the downstream SCR catalyst with NOx in the exhaust gas with the SCR catalyst;
wherein the SCR catalyst is effective to reduce a spike in ammonia.