Lubricant compositions comprising core-shell nanoparticles
Lubricant compositions, core-shell nanoparticles, and related methods are disclosed. In an exemplary embodiment, a lubricant composition includes a plurality of core-shell nanoparticles. The nanoparticles include a core, a first shell disposed on the core, and a second shell disposed on the first shell. The first shell is formed from a siliceous material and the second shell is formed from a hydrophobic material. The first and second shells form functional coatings that reduce wear and friction of parts lubricated with the lubricant composition.
1. A nanoparticle comprising:
a core;
a first shell disposed on the core; and
a second shell disposed on the first shell,
wherein the first shell is formed from a siliceous material; and
wherein the second shell is formed from a hydrophobic material,
wherein a degree of crosslinking and/or a molecular weight of the siliceous material of the first shell varies in a radial direction of the nanoparticle.
2. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the first shell is conformally coated onto the core and the second shell is conformally coated onto the first shell.
3. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the core is formed from a shearable material.
4. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the core is formed from a fluorinated organic polymer.
5. The nanoparticle of claim 4 , wherein the core is formed from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
6. The nanoparticle of claim 5 , wherein the PTFE is carboxylated.
7. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the core has a length of 10-500 nm in three dimensions.
8. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the first shell comprises a plurality of layers differing in chemical composition.
9. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the first shell has an average thickness of 1-20 nm.
10. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the second shell has an average thickness of 1-20 nm.
11. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic material of the second shell is an organic polymer.
12. The nanoparticle of claim 11 , wherein the organic polymer comprises a poly(meth)acrylate, a polyketone, a polyaldehyde, a polyvinyl, a polyalkylene, or a mixture thereof.
13. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the second shell includes one or more hydrophobic pendant groups that radially extend from a surface of the second shell.
14. A lubricant composition comprising:
a base oil; and
a plurality of nanoparticles of claim 1 dispersed in the base oil.
15. The lubricant composition of claim 14 further comprising a phosphorus-containing additive dispersed in the base oil.
16. The lubricant composition of claim 15 , wherein:
the base oil comprises a Group I, Group II, Group III, or Group IV base oil;
the core of the nanoparticles is formed from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE);
the first shell of the nanoparticles is conformally coated onto the core of the nanoparticles;
the second shell of the nanoparticles is conformally coated onto the first shell of the nanoparticles;
the second shell is formed from a poly(meth)acrylate;
the phosphorus-containing additive comprises zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP);
the nanoparticles are present in the composition in an amount of 0.10-3.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition; and
the phosphorus-containing additive is present in the composition in an amount of 0.01-0.04 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
17. A method of making nanoparticles, the method comprising:
providing a plurality of cores;
forming a first shell on the cores, the first shell comprising a siliceous material; and
forming a second shell on the first shell, the second shell comprising a hydrophobic material,
wherein a degree of crosslinking and/or a molecular weight of the siliceous material of the first shell varies in a radial direction of the nanoparticle.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein forming the first shell on the cores is carried out by plasma polymerization and forming the second shell on the first shell is carried out by plasma polymerization.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first shell is conformally coated onto the cores and the second shell is conformally coated onto the first shell.