Nonaqueous electrolyte for an ultracapacitor

1. An ultracapacitor comprising:

a first electrode that comprises a first current collector electrically coupled to a first carbonaceous coating comprising activated carbon particles, a water-insoluble organic binder, and a water-soluble organic binder, wherein the combined weight percentage of the water-insoluble organic binder and the water-soluble organic binder in the first carbonaceous coating is less than 10 wt. %;

a second electrode that comprises a second current collector electrically coupled to a second carbonaceous coating comprising activated carbon particles, a water-insoluble organic binder, and a water-soluble organic binder, wherein the combined weight percentage of the water-insoluble organic binder and the water-soluble organic binder in the second carbonaceous coating is less than 10 wt. %,

wherein the activated carbon particles of the first carbonaceous coating, the second carbonaceous coating, or both have a total pore volume of from 0.2 cm 3 /g to 1.5 cm 3 /g and a median pore width of about 8 nanometers or less;

wherein the activated carbon particles of the first carbonaceous coating, the second carbonaceous coating, or both contain a plurality of pores, wherein the amount of pores having a size of about 2 nanometers or less is about 50 vol. % or less of the total pore volume, the amount of pores having a size of from about 2 nanometers to about 50 nanometers is about 20 vol. % to about 80 vol. % of the total pore volume, and the amount of pores having a size of about 50 nanometers or more is from about 1 vol. % to about 50 vol. % of the total pore volume;

wherein the first current collector and the second current collector each contain a substrate that includes a conductive metal, and the substrate of the first current collector, the substrate of the second current collector, or both has a thickness of about 200 micrometers or less;

a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode;

a nonaqueous electrolyte that is in ionic contact with the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte contains an ionic liquid that is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent at a concentration of 1.0 mole per liter or more, wherein the nonaqueous solvent has a boiling temperature of about 150° C. or more; and

a housing within which the first electrode, the second electrode, the separator, and the electrolyte are retained, wherein the housing contains a metal container,

wherein the capacitor exhibits an equivalence series resistance of about 150 mohms or less as determined at a temperature of 23° C., frequency of 100 kHz, and without an applied voltage.

2. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the nonaqueous solvent includes a cyclic carbonate.

3. The ultracapacitor of claim 2 , wherein the solvent includes propylene carbonate.

4. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid contains a cationic species and a counterion.

5. The ultracapacitor of claim 4 , wherein the cationic species includes an organoquaternary ammonium compound.

6. The ultracapacitor of claim 5 , wherein the organoquaternary ammonium compound has the following structure:

wherein m and n are independently a number from 3 to 7.

7. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid includes spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate, spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium iodide, or a combination thereof.

8. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid is present at a concentration of about 1.2 moles per liter or more.

9. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the conductive metal is aluminum or an alloy thereof.

10. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein a plurality of fiber-like whiskers project outwardly from the substrate of the first current collector, the substrate of the second current collector, or both.

11. The ultracapacitor of claim 10 , wherein the whiskers contain aluminum carbide.

12. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein at least 50% by volume of the activated carbon particles have a size of from about 1 to about 30 micrometers.

13. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the activated carbon particles contain a plurality of pores, wherein the amount of pores having a size of about 2 nanometers or less is about 30 vol. % or less of the total pore volume, the amount of pores having a size of from about 2 nanometers to about 50 nanometers is about 25 vol. % to about 75 vol. % of the total pore volume, and the amount of pores having a size of about 50 nanometers or more is from about 5 vol. % to about 40 vol. % of the total pore volume.

14. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first carbonaceous coating, the second carbonaceous coating, or both contain binders in an amount of about 15 wt. % or less.

15. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, or both have a thickness of from about 40 micrometers to about 350 micrometers.

16. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the separator includes a cellulosic fibrous material.

17. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the metal container has a cylindrical shape.

18. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, the electrolyte, and the separator are hermetically sealed within the housing.

19. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, and the separator are wound into an electrode assembly having a jellyroll configuration.

20. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the activated carbon particles have a BET surface area of from about 900 m 2 /g to about 2,000 m 2 /g.

21. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein at least 90% by volume of the particles (D90 size) have a size in the range of from 6 to about 15 micrometers.

22. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the activated carbon particles are present in the first carbonaceous coating, the second carbonaceous coating, or both in an amount of 85 wt. % or more.

23. An ultracapacitor comprising:

a first electrode that comprises a first current collector electrically coupled to a first carbonaceous coating comprising activated carbon;

a second electrode that comprises a second current collector electrically coupled to a second carbonaceous coating comprising activated carbon;

wherein the activated carbon particles of the first carbonaceous coating, the second carbonaceous coating, or both have a total pore volume of from 0.2 cm 3 /g to 1.5 cm 3 /g and a median pore width of about 8 nanometers or less;

wherein the activated carbon particles of the first carbonaceous coating, the second carbonaceous coating, or both contain a plurality of pores, wherein the amount of pores having a size of about 2 nanometers or less is about 50 vol. % or less of the total pore volume, the amount of pores having a size of from about 2 nanometers to about 50 nanometers is about 20 vol. % to about 80 vol. % of the total pore volume, and the amount of pores having a size of about 50 nanometers or more is from about 1 vol. % to about 50 vol. % of the total pore volume;

a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode;

a nonaqueous electrolyte that is in ionic contact with the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte contains an ionic liquid that is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent at a concentration of 1.0 mole per liter or more, wherein the nonaqueous solvent has a boiling temperature of about 150° C. or more; and

a housing within which the first electrode, the second electrode, the separator, and the electrolyte are retained, wherein the housing contains a metal container,

wherein the capacitor exhibits an equivalence series resistance of about 150 mohms or less as determined at a temperature of 23° C., frequency of 100 kHz, and without an applied voltage.