Dual-function nano-sized particles
View Patent ↗Dual-function nano-sized particles or nanoparticles may be effective at fixating or reducing fines migration and they may facilitate identification of a particular zone in a well having more than one zone. In some embodiments the dual-function nanoparticles are tagged with a detectable material that is distinguishable from the composition of the primary nanoparticle component. In these embodiments, the taggant material rather than the primary component of the nanoparticles may be used to enable identification of a particular zone. The nanoparticles (with or without taggant) may be added to a treatment fluid containing carrier particles such as proppant. The treatment fluid is pumped downhole to one of the zones; each zone receiving its own unique or uniquely-tagged nanoparticles. Should one of the zones fail, the composition of the nanoparticles (or its taggant) produced on the carrier particles may be correlated to the zone from which it was received, and hence produced.
1. Coated carrier particles comprising:
carrier particles selected from the group consisting of sand, gravel, ceramic beads, glass beads, and combinations thereof, the carrier particles being directly coated with nanoparticles having a mean particle size of 1000 nm or less, the nanoparticles consisting of:
a primary component selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, pyroelectric crystals, and mixtures thereof; and
a taggant disposed on the nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, lanthanoids, and mixtures thereof; where the taggant is selected to be distinguishable from the primary component.
2. The coated carrier particles of claim 1 where the primary component alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; where the primary component transition metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium and zinc; where the primary component post-transition metal is aluminum; and mixtures thereof.
3. The coated carrier particles of claim 1 where
the taggant alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of strontium, barium, and mixtures thereof; the taggant transition metal is selected from the group consisting of scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, and mixtures thereof; the taggant post transition metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, germanium, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, and mixtures thereof; the taggant lanthanoid is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium; and mixtures thereof.
4. The coated carrier particles of claim 1 where the taggant is integral with the primary component.
5. The coated carrier particles of claim 4 where the taggant forms a core of the primary component.
6. The coated carrier particles of claim 5 where the core is magnetic.
7. The coated carrier particles of claim 1 where the taggant is in elemental form.
8. The coated carrier particles of claim 1 where the taggant is in compound form, the compound selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, nitride, iodate, oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, sulfate, sulfide, phosphate, silicate, alkoxide, an organic acid, and combinations thereof.