Polymer-encapsulated pigment particle
A polymer-encapsulated pigment dispersion is prepared from a mixture of (a) a carrier; (b) pigment particles; and (c) a polymeric dispersing agent having a polymer backbone, and an alkali-swellable copolymer component. The dispersing agent may provide efficient pigment wetting and dispersion using relatively low and thus economical dispersant amounts, and subsequently enable formation of polymer-encapsulating pigment dispersions that, when used in coatings, provide good opacity and good hiding characteristics, especially in titanium dioxide-containing coating compositions.
1. A pigment grind dispersion comprising a mixture of:
a) a carrier comprising water;
b) opacifying inorganic pigment particles having an index of refraction of at least 1.8 and being at least partially encapsulated by at least one polymer layer;
c) alkali; and
d) a polymeric dispersing agent having one or more alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved copolymer components, wherein the alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved component is derived from ingredients including one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers that include a hydroxyl group, acidic group, amino group or ethylene oxide group, and the polymeric dispersing agent is present at about 0.1 to about 25 wt. % of the opacifying pigment particle weight.
2. A method for making a polymer-encapsulated pigment dispersion, which method comprises:
a) forming a dispersion of a carrier comprising water; opacifying inorganic pigment particles having an index of refraction of at least 1.8; alkali; and a polymeric dispersing agent having one or more alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved copolymer components, wherein the alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved component is derived from ingredients including one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers that include a hydroxyl group, acidic group, amino group or ethylene oxide group, and the polymeric dispersing agent is present at about 0.1 to about 25 wt. % of the opacifying pigment particle weight;
b) including in or adding to the dispersion one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers and a free-radical initiator; and
c) polymerizing the ethylenically unsaturated monomers to at least partially encapsulate the pigment particles with at least one polymer layer.
3. A coating composition comprising a dispersion of:
a) a carrier comprising water;
b) opacifying inorganic pigment particles having an index of refraction of at least 1.8, the pigment particles being at least partially encapsulated by at least one polymer layer;
c) alkali;
d) a polymeric dispersing agent having one or more alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved copolymer components, wherein the alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved component is derived from ingredients including one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers that include a hydroxyl group, acidic group, amino group or ethylene oxide group, and the polymeric dispersing agent is present at about 0.1 to about 25 wt. % of the opacifying pigment particle weight; and
e) one or both of:
i) a film-forming binder containing a polymer other than the polymer layer polymer; or
ii) one or more thickeners, rheology modifiers, surfactants or coalescents.
4. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved component comprises an emulsion derived from ingredients including the one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers.
5. The dispersion of claim 4 , wherein the one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers include (meth)acrylic acid.
6. The coating composition of claim 3 , wherein the alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved component is present in an amount of 5% to 90%, based on the total weight of the composition.
7. The dispersion of claim 1 , further comprising extender pigment particles having a refractive index of less than about 1.8.
8. The coating composition of claim 3 , wherein the one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers include methacrylic acid.
9. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers provide hydrophilic polymer side chains in the polymeric dispersing agent.
10. The dispersion of claim 9 , wherein the hydrophilic polymer side chains increase water solubility of the polymeric dispersing agent.
11. The dispersion of claim 9 , wherein the hydrophilic polymer side chains assist in wetting and stabilizing dispersed pigment particles.
12. The dispersion of claim 9 , wherein the hydrophilic polymer side chains comprise acidic groups.
13. The dispersion of claim 12 , wherein the acidic groups comprise carboxyl, sulfonyl or organophosphorus groups or a salt or ester thereof.
14. The dispersion of claim 8 , wherein the emulsion was also derived from one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophobic monomers that include one or more hydrophobic groups that provide hydrophobic polymer side chains in the polymeric dispersing agent.
15. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved component comprises an emulsion derived from ingredients including one or more of acrylic acid, itaconic acid, 2-sulfoethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxy ethyl (meth)acrylate, sulfopropyl (meth)acrylate, styrene sulfonic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid and salts and esters thereof.
16. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the alkali-swollen or alkali-dissolved component comprises an emulsion derived from ingredients including one or more of crotonic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, cinnamic acid, fumaric acid, beta-carboxyl ethyl acrylate, or a mixture or combination thereof.
17. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers include methacrylic acid.
18. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the copolymer components are swollen to such a degree that they remain dispersed in aqueous solution.
19. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the copolymer components are fully dissolved to form a homogenous aqueous solution.
20. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the copolymer components are swollen or dissolved by raising pH of the dispersion so that it provides an alkaline medium for the copolymer components.
21. The dispersion of claim 19 , wherein the copolymer components are swollen or dissolved by raising the pH to 7 to 9.
22. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the copolymer components are swollen or dissolved using ammonia.
23. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein the dispersion is neutralized using ammonium hydroxide.