Pharmaceutical compositions and methods
Pharmaceutical compositions and kits including a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor; melanin, a melanin promoter, or a combination thereof; a p450 3A4 promoter; and a leucine aminopeptidase inhibitor are provided. Also provided are methods of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, a melanin promoter, a p450 3A4 promoter, and a leucine aminopeptidase inhibitor to the subject in need thereof. Also provided are methods of reducing cell proliferation in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, a melanin promoter, a p450 3A4 promoter, and a leucine aminopeptidase inhibitor to the subject in need thereof.
1. A method of making cancer cells more accessible to oxidative stress, comprising contacting said cancer cells with an effective amount of a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor and assessing oxidative stress in said cancer cells.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor accumulates in said cancer cells.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor prevents formation of a coating of lipids in said cancer cells.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor prevents formation of a coating of hyaluronan in said cancer cells.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said contacting is effected by administering said effective amount of said tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor to a subject in whom said cancer cells reside.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor is administered orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, transdermally, vaginally, or rectally.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor is a tyrosine derivative.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the tyrosine derivative is one or more of methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(2-chloro-4 hydroxyphenyl) propanoate, D-tyrosine ethyl ester hydrochloride, methyl (2R)-2- amino-3-(2,6-dichloro-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) propanoate H-D-Tyr(TBU)-allyl ester HCl, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl) propanoate, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(2-chloro-3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) propanoate, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-[(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl) methoxy] phenyl) propanoate, methyl (2R)-2- amino-3-(2-chloro-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) propanoate, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate, diethyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-(4-[(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl) oxy] benzyl malonate, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl) propanoate, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl) propanoate, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(2,6- dichloro-3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) propanoate, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate, H-DL-tyr-OMe HCl, H-3,5-diiodo-tyr-Ome HCl, H-D-3,5-diiodo-tyr-OMe HCl, H-D-tyr-OMe HCl, D-tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride, D-tyrosine-OMe HCl, methyl D-tyrosinate hydrochloride, (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl ester hydrochloride, methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate hydrochloride, methyl (2R)-2-azanyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate hydrochloride, 3-chloro-L-tyrosine, 3-nitro-L-tyrosine, 3-nitro-L-tyrosine ethyl ester hydrochloride, DL-m-tyrosine, DL-o-tyrosine, Boc-Tyr (3,5-I 2 )-OSu, Fmoc-tyr(3-NO 2 )-OH, and α-methyl-DL-tyrosine.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the tyrosine derivative is α-methyl-DL tyrosine.
10. A method of treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject an amount of α-methyl-DL-tyrosine that is effective to make cancer cells in said subject more accessible to oxidative stress.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, liver cancer, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, or lymphoma.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is metastatic cancer.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is breast cancer.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is prostate cancer.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the α-methyl-DL-tyrosine accumulates in the cancer cells and prevents the cancer cells from forming a coating of lipids.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the α-methyl-DL-tyrosine accumulates in the cancer cells and prevents the cancer cells from forming a coating of hyaluronan.
17. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer.
18. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is ovarian cancer.
19. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is cervical cancer.
20. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer.
21. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is stomach cancer.
22. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is brain cancer.
23. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is liver cancer.
24. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is testicular cancer.
25. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is leukemia.
26. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is lymphoma.