Lithium-stuffed garnet electrolytes with secondary phase inclusions
The instant disclosure sets forth multiphase lithium-stuffed garnet electrolytes having secondary phase inclusions, wherein these secondary phase inclusions are material(s) which is/are not a cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet but which is/are entrapped or enclosed within a lithium-stuffed garnet. When the secondary phase inclusions described herein are included in a lithium-stuffed garnet at 30-0.1 volume %, the inclusions stabilize the multiphase matrix and allow for improved sintering of the lithium-stuffed garnet. The electrolytes described herein, which include lithium-stuffed garnet with secondary phase inclusions, have an improved sinterability and density compared to phase pure cubic lithium-stuffed garnet having the formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 .
1. A multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte comprising:
a primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet characterized by the chemical formula Li A La B Al C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 5<A<8, 1.5<B<4, 0.1<C<2, 0≤D<2; 1<E<3, 10<F<13, and M″ is selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Nb, Y, Ta, Ga, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, and Rb;
a secondary phase inclusion in the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet;
wherein:
the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet is present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 70-95 vol % with respect to the volume of the multiphase thin film electrolyte; and
the secondary phase inclusion is present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 30-5 vol % with respect to the volume of the multiphase thin film electrolyte.
2. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion d 50 grain size is less than 10 μm.
3. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion d 50 grain size is from about 1 μm to about 10 μm.
4. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet d 50 grain size is from about 10 μm to about 20 μm.
5. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet grain size d 50 is from about 0.5 μm-10 μm.
6. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the d 90 grain size of any phase in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte is from about 1 μm to 5 μm.
7. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of any one of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusions are homogenously distributed over a volume of 10000 μm 3 or more.
8. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the secondary phase inclusion d 50 grain size to the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet d 50 grain size is between 0.1 and 10.
9. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte has a fracture strength of 200 MPa-2000 MPa as measured a ring-on-ring flexural strength test.
10. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the thin film solid-state electrolyte is between about 0.1 μm to about 200 μm.
11. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of any one of claim 1 , wherein the thin film solid-state electrolyte has an area of at least 25 cm 2 .
12. The solid electrolyte of any one of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion is a material selected from the group consisting of:
tetragonal phase garnet; La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; La 2 O 3 ; LaAlO 3 ; La 2 (Li 0.5 Al 0.5 )O 4 ; LiLaO 2 ; LiZr 2 O 3 ;
Li a Zr b O c , wherein 1≤a≤8, 1≤b≤2, and 1≤c≤7, and wherein subscripts a, b, and c are selected so that Li a Zr b O c is charge neutral;
Li g Al h O i , wherein 1≤g≤5, 1≤h≤5, and 2≤i≤8, and wherein subscripts g, h, i are selected so that Li g Al h O i is charge neutral;
La d Ta e O f , wherein 1≤d≤3, 1≤e≤7, and 4≤f≤19, and wherein subscripts d, e, and f are selected so that La d Ta e O f is charge neutral;
Li r Ta s O t , wherein 1≤r≤2, 1≤s≤3, and 3≤t≤7, and wherein subscripts r, s, and t are selected so that Li r Ta s O t is charge neutral;
La n Nb p O q , wherein 1≤n≤3, 1≤p≤7, and 4≤q≤19, and wherein subscripts n, p, and q are selected so that La n Nb p O q is charge neutral;
Li u Nb v O x , wherein 1≤u≤3, 1≤p≤3, and 3≤x≤9, and wherein subscripts u, v, and x are selected so that Li u Nb v O x is charge neutral; and
combinations thereof.
13. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of any one of claim 1 , wherein the total amount of secondary phase inclusion is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 vol %.
14. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion comprises La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; LiAlO 2 ; LaAlO 3 ; tetragonal garnet; and Li 2 ZrO 3 .
15. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte comprises LiAlO 2 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 3-8 vol %, Li 2 ZrO 3 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 1-10 vol % and LaAlO 3 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 1-8 vol %, as measured by quantitative XRD.
16. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , where the bulk conductivity is greater than 1×10 −4 S/cm at 20° C.
17. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the interfacial area specific resistance (ASR) of the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte with lithium metal is 1-200 Ωcm 2 at −15° C.
18. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , where the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte has a total porosity of less than 5 vol % as determined by SEM.
19. An electrochemical cell comprising the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte according to claim 1 .
20. A composition comprising:
a primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet characterized by the chemical formula Li A La B Al C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 5<A<8, 1.5<B<4, 0.1<C<2, 0≤D<2; 1<E<3, 10<F<13, and M″ is selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Nb, Y, Ta, Ga, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, and Rb;
a secondary phase inclusion in the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet;
wherein:
the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet is present at about 70-95 vol % with respect to the volume of the composition; and
the secondary phase inclusion is present at about 30-5 vol % with respect to the volume of the composition.
21. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion d 50 grain size is less than 10 μm.
22. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion d 50 grain size is from about 1 μm to about 10 μm.
23. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet d 50 grain size is smaller than the secondary phase inclusion d 50 grain size.
24. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet d 50 grain size is from about 10 μm to about 20 μm.
25. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet grain size d 50 is from about 0.5 μm-10 μm.
26. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the d 90 grain size of any phase in the composition is from about 1 μm to 5 μm.
27. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the composition is present in a pellet.
28. The solid electrolyte of claim 20 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion is a material selected from the group consisting of:
tetragonal phase garnet; La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; La 2 O 3 ; LaAlO 3 ; La 2 (Li 0.5 Al 0.5 )O 4 ; LiLaO 2 ; LiZr 2 O 3 ;
Li a Zr b O c , wherein 1≤a≤8, 1≤b≤2, and 1≤c≤7, and wherein subscripts a, b, and c are selected so that Li a Zr b O c is charge neutral;
Li g Al h O i , wherein 1≤g≤5, 1≤h≤5, and 2≤i≤8, and wherein subscripts g, h, i are selected so that Li g Al h O i is charge neutral;
La d Ta e O f , wherein 1≤d≤3, 1≤e≤7, and 4≤f≤19, and wherein subscripts d, e, and f are selected so that La d Ta e O f is charge neutral;
Li r Ta s O t , wherein 1≤r≤2, 1≤s≤3, and 3≤t≤7, and wherein subscripts r, s, and t are selected so that Li r Ta s O t is charge neutral;
La n Nb p O q , wherein 1≤n≤3, 1≤p≤7, and 4≤q≤19, and wherein subscripts n, p, and q are selected so that La n Nb p O q is charge neutral;
Li u Nb v O x , wherein 1≤u≤3, 1≤p≤3, and 3≤x≤9, and wherein subscripts u, v, and x are selected so that Li u Nb v O x is charge neutral; and
combinations thereof.
29. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion in the composition comprises LiAlO 2 present in the composition at about 0.1-25 vol %, Li 2 ZrO 3 present in the composition at about 0.1-15 vol % and LaAlO 3 present in the composition at about 0.1-15 vol %, as measured by quantitative XRD.
30. The composition of claim 20 , where the composition has a total porosity of less than 5 vol % as determined by SEM.