Sorting apparatus
A sorting apparatus is described and which includes a selectively heated avalanche photodiode (APD) which is maintained at a predetermined temperature and which further demonstrates a higher gain and signal-to-noise ratio with greater stability at a predetermined temperature for enhancing sorting efficiency.
1. A sorting apparatus comprising:
an inspection station for receiving a product stream which is to be sorted;
an electromagnetic radiation assembly positioned adjacent to the inspection station, and which, when energized, generates a predetermined band of electromagnetic radiation, and which further is emitted in the direction of the inspection station, and wherein the emitted electromagnetic radiation is reflected, at least in part, from the product stream passing through the inspection station;
an electromagnetic radiation detector for detecting the electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by the electromagnetic radiation assembly, and wherein the electromagnetic radiation detector includes an avalanche photodiode (APD) which is maintained at a predetermined temperature, and which further demonstrates a higher gain, and signal-to-noise ratio with greater stability at the predetermined temperature; and wherein the electromagnetic radiation assembly, and detector are made integral with a laser scanner;
a controller operably and controllably coupled to each of the electromagnetic radiation assembly, and detector, respectively; and
wherein the sorting apparatus further comprises a photomultiplier tube (PMT) which detects the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the electromagnetic radiation assembly.
2. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the APD is optically coupled to the laser scanner by a fiber optic conduit; a collimated space established between the APD and the laser scanner; and/or a free-space transmission established between the APD, and the laser scanner.
3. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the predetermined temperature of the APD is substantially constant, and about 43.5 degrees C.
4. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the predetermined maximum ambient temperature is about 40 degrees C.
5. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the APD further comprises a printed circuit board having top and bottom surfaces, and wherein a first layer of a heat conducting material forming a heat sink is deposited on the top surface, and a transistor is operably mounted on the heat sink, and is selectively energized, so as to generate heat energy which is received, and conductively transmitted by the heat sink, and wherein vias are formed in the printed circuit board, and extend between the top and bottom surfaces of the printed circuit board, and wherein the first layer of heat conductive material forming the heat sink extends through the vias, and transmits the heat energy, at least in part, to the bottom surface, and wherein the APD is mounted on the bottom surface, and the heat energy generated by the transistor is conductively transmitted through the vias, to the APD.
6. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 5 , and wherein a second layer of heat conductive material is positioned on the bottom surface of the printed circuit board, and wherein the vias are coupled in heat conducting transmission relative to the second layer of heat conductive material, and the APD is mounted on the second layer of heat conductive material.
7. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , and further comprising:
a temperature sensor mounted in heat sensing relation relative to the second layer of heat conductive material; and
an electrical circuit operably and controllably coupled with each of the transistor, and the temperature sensor, and which electrically energizes the transistor so as to cause the transistor to generate a sufficient amount of heat energy which is imparted to the first layer of heat conducting material, and which is further conductively transmitted to the second layer of heat conducting material, and wherein the heat energy maintains the APD at the predetermined temperature.
8. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 7 , and wherein the transistor is a field effect transistor, and the first and second heat conducting layers are fabricated, at least in part, from copper.
9. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 8 , and wherein the predetermined band of electromagnetic radiation generated by the laser scanner is formed into a bean which defines a flying spot, and which repeatedly moves along a given path of travel through the inspection station.
10. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 9 , and wherein the first and second layers of heat conductive material are oriented so as to not be in heat conductive and transmitting relation relative to another, adjacent assembly.
11. A sorting apparatus, comprising:
an inspection station for receiving a product stream which is to be sorted;
an electromagnetic radiation assembly positioned adjacent to the inspection station, and which, when energized, generates a predetermined band of electromagnetic radiation, and which further is emitted in the direction of the inspection station, and wherein the emitted electromagnetic radiation is reflected, at least in part, from the product stream passing through the inspection station;
an electromagnetic radiation detector for detecting the electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by the electromagnetic radiation assembly, and wherein the electromagnetic radiation detector includes a selectively heated avalanche photodiode (APD) which is maintained at a predetermined substantially constant temperature which is greater than a given maximum ambient temperature, and which further demonstrates a higher gain, and signal-to-noise ratio, with greater stability at the predetermined substantially constant temperature, and wherein the APD is made integral with a printed circuit board having top and bottom surfaces, and wherein a first layer of a heat conductive material is deposited on the top surface of the printed circuit board, and a transistor is operably mounted on the first layer of heat conductive material, and is selectively energized, and wherein the transistor, when selectively energized, generates heat energy which is received, and conductively transmitted by the first layer of heat conductive material, and wherein vias are formed in the printed circuit board, and extend between the top and bottom surfaces of the printed circuit board, and the first layer of heat conductive material extends through the vias, and transmits the generated heat energy, at least in part, to the bottom surface, and wherein the APD is mounted on the bottom surface of the printed circuit board, and the heat energy generated by the transistor is conductively transmitted through the vias, to the APD;
a temperature sensor mounted in heat sensing relation relative to the second layer of heat conductive material;
an electrical circuit operably, and controllably coupled with each of the transistor, and the temperature sensor, and wherein the electrical circuit selectively, electrically energizes the transistor so as to cause the transistor to generate a sufficient amount of heat energy which is imparted to the first layer of heat conducting material, and then conductively transmitted to the second layer of heat conducting material, and which maintains the APD at the predetermined substantially constant temperature which is greater than a given maximum ambient temperature; and
a controller operably and controllably coupled to each of the electromagnetic radiation assembly, APD, temperature sensor, and electrical circuit, respectively.
12. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , and wherein and wherein the predetermined substantially constant temperature of the APD is about 43.5 degrees C.
13. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , and wherein the predetermined maximum ambient temperature is about 40 degrees C.
14. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , and wherein the sorting apparatus further comprises a photomultiplier tube (PMT) which detects the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the electromagnetic radiation assembly.
15. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , and wherein the APD is optically coupled to the laser scanner by a fiber optic conduit; a collimated space established between the APD and the laser scanner; and/or a free-space transmission established between the APD, and the laser scanner.
16. A sorting apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , and wherein the APD has a main body and a ground, and the electrical circuit has a ground, and wherein each ground is coupled to the body of the APD, and operates in a manner to reduce the noise generated by each of the APD and electrical circuit.