Polyvinyl alcohol fibers and films with mineral fillers and small cellulose particles
The present invention is directed to an article of manufacture, which can be a fiber and or a film. In one aspect, the fiber or the film comprises a polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and an inorganic filler comprising particles having an average diameter of less than about 20 micrometers. The PVOH has a degree of hydrolysis of greater than about 95% and is present in a range between about 20 wt. % and about 99 wt. % based on the total fiber weight. Methods of making the fibers and films are also disclosed.
1. A fiber comprising:
a polyvinyl alcohol, the polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of hydrolysis of greater than 95%, and being present in a range between about 20 wt. % and about 99 wt. % based on total fiber weight; and
an inorganic filler comprising particles having an average diameter of less than about 20 micrometers and present in a range between about 20 wt. % and about 50 wt. % based on total fiber weight;
wherein the polyvinyl alcohol in the fiber is partially soluble in water at a temperature less than 95° C., and the fiber substantially remains in a shaped state when immersed in water or an aqueous environment.
2. A film comprising:
a polyvinyl alcohol, the polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of hydrolysis of greater than 95%, and being present in a range between about 20 wt. % and about 99 wt. % based on total film weight;
an inorganic filler comprising particles having an average diameter of less than about 20 micrometers and present in a range between about 20 wt. % and about 50 wt. % based on total film weight; and
cellulose particles in a range between about 1 wt. % and about 50 wt. % based on total film weight;
wherein the polyvinyl alcohol in the film is partially soluble in water at a temperature less than 95° C., the film substantially remains in a shaped state when immersed in water or an aqueous environment, and the film is a thin, flexible strip.
3. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic filler particles have an average diameter of less than about 3 micrometers.
4. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the filler is precipitated calcium carbonate, ground calcium carbonate, gypsum, titanium dioxide, clay, silica, or any combination thereof.
5. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is present in a range between about 40 wt. % and about 60 wt. % based on the total fiber weight.
6. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the polyvinyl alcohol has a degree of polymerization in a range between about 500 and about 3,000.
7. The fiber of claim 6 , wherein the degree of polymerization is in a range between about 1,000 and about 1,600.
8. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the degree of hydrolysis is greater than about 98%.
9. The fiber of claim 1 , further comprising cellulose particles in a range between about 1 wt. % and about 50 wt. % based on the total weight of the article.
10. The fiber of claim 9 , wherein the cellulose particles are cellulose nanofibrils or cellulose fines.
11. The fiber of claim 9 , wherein the cellulose particles are hardwood kraft pulp particles, softwood kraft pulp particles, hardwood sulfite pulp particles, softwood sulfite pulp particles, grass pulp particles, or any combination thereof.
12. The fiber of claim 1 , further comprising a processing aid.
13. The fiber of claim 12 , wherein the processing aid is present in a range between about 0.5 wt. % and about 10 wt. % based on the total article weight.
14. The fiber of claim 13 , wherein the processing aid is carboxymethylcellulose, starch, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, dialdehydes boric acid carbonate, zirconium ammonium carbonate, glyoxalated polyacrylamide, polyamide-epichlorohydrin, polyamine-epichlorohydrin, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyethyleneimine, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerol, or any combination thereof.
15. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is partially soluble in water at a temperature in a range between about 75° C. and about 95° C.
16. The fiber of claim 1 , further comprising a CO2-generating acid.
17. The fiber of claim 1 , further comprising CO2-generating sodium bicarbonate.
18. A method of making a fiber, the method comprising:
mixing a polyvinyl alcohol with an inorganic filler, the inorganic filler comprising particles having an average diameter of less than about 20 micrometers and being present in a range between about 20 wt. % and about 50 wt. % based on total fiber weight, and the polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of hydrolysis of greater than 95% and being present in a range between about 20 wt. % and about 99 wt. % based on the total fiber weight; and
preparing an extrudable spin mass; and
using the extrudable spin mass to form the fiber;
wherein the polyvinyl alcohol in the fiber is partially soluble in water at a temperature less than 95° C., and the fiber substantially remains in a shaped state when immersed in water or an aqueous environment.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein using the extrudable spin mass comprises wet spinning, dry spinning, shear spinning, or slit extruding the extrudable spin mass to form the fiber.
20. The method of claim 18 , further comprising mixing the polyvinyl alcohol, the filler, or both with cellulose particles.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the cellulose particles are cellulose nanofibrils or cellulose fines.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the cellulose particles are derived from hardwood kraft pulp, softwood kraft pulp, hardwood sulfite pulp, softwood sulfite pulp, grass pulp, or any combination thereof.
23. The method of claim 20 , further comprising extracting the cellulose particles from waste paper, seed pods, algae, bacteria, tunicates, or any combination thereof.
24. The method of claim 18 , wherein the polyvinyl alcohol has a degree of polymerization in a range between about 500 and about 3,000.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the degree of polymerization is in a range between about 1,000 and about 1,600.
26. The method of claim 18 , wherein the degree of hydrolysis is greater than about 98%.