Perforated flame holder and system including protection from abrasive or corrosive fuel
A burner system that employs a perforated flame holder and is configured to combust a powdered solid fuel includes a structure configured to protect the perforated flame holder from erosion caused by particles of the solid fuel.
1. A combustion system, comprising:
a perforated flame holder, including:
an input face,
an output face on a side opposite from, and substantially parallel to, the input face, and
a plurality of apertures extending between the input face and the output face;
an electrically conductive erosion guard adjacent to the input face and configured to protect the perforated flame holder from erosion;
an electrically conductive counter electrode adjacent to the output face; and
a voltage source configured to generate a plasma within the perforated flame holder by applying a voltage between the erosion guard and the counter electrode.
2. The combustion system of claim 1 , wherein the voltage source, the erosion guard, and the counter electrode are configured to generate a plasma within the perforated flame holder when the voltage source applies the voltage between a wear surface and the counter electrode.
3. The combustion system of claim 1 , wherein the voltage is at least 10,000 volts.
4. The combustion system of claim 1 , wherein the erosion guard is a conductive refractory metal.
5. The combustion system of claim 1 , wherein the erosion guard is a metal screen.
6. The combustion system of claim 5 , wherein the metal screen is in contact with the perforated flame holder.
7. The combustion system of claim 1 , wherein the erosion guard includes a conductive material disposed on a surface of the perforated flame holder.
8. The combustion system of claim 1 , wherein the erosion guard includes a conductor disposed at least partially within the perforated flame holder.
9. The combustion system of claim 1 , wherein the erosion guard includes a stainless steel grid.
10. A combustion system, comprising:
a perforated flame holder, including:
an input face,
an output face on a side opposite from the input face, and
a plurality of apertures extending between the input face and the output face; and
a wear surface adjacent to the input face and configured to protect the perforated flame holder from erosion.
11. The combustion system of claim 10 , wherein the wear surface is integral with the perforated flame holder, and corresponds to the input face.
12. The combustion system of claim 10 , wherein the perforated flame holder and the wear surface are formed concurrently.
13. The combustion system of claim 11 , wherein the perforated flame holder and the wear surface are formed from respective compositions of material placed together in a mold.
14. The combustion system of claim 10 , wherein the perforated flame holder and the wear surface are formed in separate processes.
15. The combustion system of claim 14 , wherein the wear surface is formed over the input face of the perforated flame holder.
16. The combustion system of claim 14 , wherein the perforated flame holder and the wear surface are formed separately, and subsequently coupled together.
17. The combustion system of claim 10 , wherein the wear surface is in physical contact with the input face of the perforated flame holder.
18. The combustion system of claim 10 , wherein the wear surface is spaced apart from the input face of the perforated flame holder.
19. The combustion system of claim 10 , wherein the wear surface includes a metal.
20. The combustion system of claim 10 , further comprising a voltage source communicably coupled to the wear surface.
21. The combustion system of claim 20 , further comprising a counter electrode positioned adjacent to the output face and communicably coupled to the voltage source.
22. The combustion system of claim 21 , wherein the voltage source is configured to apply a voltage between the wear surface and the counter electrode.
23. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the voltage source, the wear surface, and the counter electrode are configured to generate a plasma within the perforated flame holder when the voltage source applies the voltage between the wear surface and the counter electrode.
24. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the voltage is a DC voltage.
25. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the voltage an AC voltage.
26. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the voltage is greater than 1000 volts.
27. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the voltage is at least 10,000 volts.
28. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the wear surface is a conductive refractory metal.
29. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the wear surface is a metal screen.
30. The combustion system of claim 29 , wherein the metal screen is in contact with the perforated flame holder.
31. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the wear surface includes a conductive material disposed on the input face of the perforated flame holder.
32. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the wear surface includes a conductor disposed at least partially within the perforated flame holder.
33. The combustion system of claim 22 , wherein the wear surface includes a stainless steel grid.