Apparatus and methods for additively manufacturing microtube heat exchangers
Apparatus and methods for additively manufacturing microtube heat exchangers are disclosed herein. A heat exchanger header is additively manufactured with high density microtube arrays to achieve an integrated structure achieving values of heat transfer effectiveness E ff up to ninety percent and values of transfer surface area densities up to 20,000 m 2 /m 3 . The heat exchanger header can be printed with a high density microtube array to separate different types of fluids or liquids into different microtubes and to form a high quality seal. Additionally, microtubes and/or microtube arrays can be additively manufactured to be curved or to have pleats; and microtube lattice arrays can be compactly positioned within hollow support structures.
1. An additively manufactured heat exchanger, comprising:
a microtube array comprising a plurality of microtubes forming a substantially parallel array and extending from a base plate, the plurality of microtubes comprising a first plurality of microtubes and a second plurality of microtubes;
a header comprising a plurality of header sections, the plurality of header sections comprising:
a first header section integrated with the first plurality of microtubes at the base plate and configured to direct a first fluid through the first plurality of microtubes so as to exchange heat with an external fluid; and
a second header section integrated with the second plurality of microtubes at the base plate and configured to direct a second fluid through the second plurality of microtubes so as to exchange heat with the external fluid, and
a fin disposed between each adjacent microtube in at least one column of microtubes, the fin further being disposed perpendicular to and starting from the base plate to a surface of the microtubes;
wherein the microtube array, the base plate, the fin, and the header are three-dimensionally (3-D) printed together to form a continuous body.
2. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the microtube array has a non-planar configuration relative to a plane normal to the base plate.
3. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the external fluid comprises a gas.
4. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of each of the plurality of microtubes is equal to or less than 2 millimeters (mm).
5. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the external fluid flows substantially orthogonal to a flow direction of the first and second fluids.
6. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the header comprises a top surface at the base plate or a section thereof, and at least one surface coupled longitudinally to the top surface at an angle relative to the top surface.
7. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of microtubes is curved.
8. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of microtubes is pleated.
9. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the header comprises a channel having a cross-sectional surface.
10. The heat exchanger of claim 9 , wherein the cross-sectional surface is substantially triangular.
11. The heat exchanger of claim 9 , wherein the channel is substantially orthogonal to the microtube array.
12. The heat exchanger of claim 9 , wherein the header comprises a first surface substantially parallel to the base plate, a second surface coupled longitudinally to the first surface at a first angle, and a third surface coupled longitudinally to the second surface at a second angle, the first, second, and third surfaces defining the channel.
13. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the microtube array has a non-planar configuration relative to a plane normal to first fluid flow.
14. The heat exchanger of claim 13 , wherein the non-planar configuration of the microtube array comprises a curved configuration.
15. The heat exchanger of claim 13 , wherein the non-planar configuration of the microtube array comprises a pleated configuration.
16. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the fin is configured to provide structural support to the column of microtubes.
17. The heat exchanger of claim 16 , further comprising a fin disposed between each adjacent microtube in at least one row of microtubes in the array.
18. The heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein
the heat exchanger is additively manufactured at an angle relative to the base plate; and
the at least one fin configured to provide the microtube array with structural support.
19. An additively manufactured compact heat exchanger, comprising:
a base plate;
a first plurality of microtubes forming an array, the first plurality of microtubes substantially parallel and extending from the base plate;
a first header section, the first header section integrated with the first plurality of microtubes at the base plate and configured to direct a first fluid through the first plurality of microtubes so as to exchange heat with an external fluid, and
a fin disposed between each adjacent microtube in at least one column of the array, the fin further being disposed perpendicular to and starting from the base plate to a surface of the first plurality of microtubes;
wherein the microtube array, the base plate, the fin, and the first header section are three-dimensionally printed together to form a continuous body.
20. The additively manufactured compact heat exchanger of claim 19 , further comprising:
a second plurality of microtubes forming an array, the second plurality of microtubes substantially parallel and extending from the base plate; and
a second header section, the second header section integrated with the second plurality of microtubes at the base plate and configured to direct a second fluid through the second plurality of microtubes so as to exchange heat with the external fluid.
21. The additively manufactured compact heat exchanger of claim 19 , wherein at least one of the first plurality of microtubes is curved.
22. The additively manufactured compact heat exchanger of claim 19 , wherein at least one of the first plurality of microtubes is pleated.
23. The additively manufactured compact heat exchanger of claim 19 , wherein the external fluid comprises a gas.
24. A transport vehicle, comprising:
a three-dimensionally (3-D) printed support structure, the 3-D printed support structure comprising a 3-D printed microtube lattice array, a fin disposed between each adjacent microtube in at least one column of the 3-D printed microtube lattice array, the fin further being disposed perpendicular to and starting from the support structure to a surface of the 3-D printed microtube lattice array, the 3-D printed microtube lattice array configured to transfer heat between a first fluid and a second fluid, wherein the 3-D printed support structure is 3-D printed together to form a continuous body.
25. The transport vehicle of claim 24 , the 3-D printed microtube lattice array comprising:
a plurality of microtubes configured to carry the first fluid; and
a plurality of interstitial paths configured to a carry the second fluid.
26. The transport vehicle of claim 25 , wherein heat is transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid.
27. The transport vehicle of claim 25 , wherein heat is transferred from the second fluid to the first fluid.
28. The transport vehicle of claim 25 , wherein the first fluid is a liquid.
29. The transport vehicle of claim 28 , wherein the liquid is engine oil.
30. The transport vehicle of claim 25 , wherein the second fluid is engine coolant.
31. The transport vehicle of claim 25 , wherein the second fluid is a gas.
32. The transport vehicle of claim 31 , wherein the gas is forced air.
33. A method of additively manufacturing a heat exchanger in a transport vehicle using three dimensional (3D) printing, the method comprising:
additively manufacturing a hollow support structure;
additively manufacturing a microtube lattice array within the hollow support structure, and
additively manufacturing a fin disposed between each adjacent microtube in at least one column of the microtube lattice array, the fin further being disposed perpendicular to and starting from the hollow support structure to a surface of the microtube lattice array; and
wherein the hollow support structure, the fin, and the microtube lattice array are additively manufactured together.