Charging a battery with frequency-modulated pulses based on battery measurements

1. A method to charge a battery, the method comprising:

selecting a pulse period;

(i) providing a charging pulse to the battery, including:

providing a charging current from a power source to the battery at a beginning of an ON period of the charging pulse;

determining a current flow through the battery;

detecting a change in current flow through the battery; and

determining a duration of the ON period of the charging pulse based on when the change in current flow through the battery was detected relative to application of the charging current to the battery; and

interrupting the charging current from the power source to the battery at an end of the ON period of the charging pulse;

(ii) determining a duration of an OFF period of the charging pulse, including computing a difference between the selected pulse period and the ON period of the charging pulse;

(iii) delaying for a duration of the OFF period of the charging pulse;

(iv) selecting another pulse period; and

repeating (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) using the pulse period selected in (iv).

2. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein determining the duration of the OFF period of the charging pulse further includes selecting the greater of: (1) a minimum period of time, and (2) the difference between the selected pulse period and the ON period of the charging pulse.

3. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein determining the duration of the OFF period of the charging pulse further includes selecting the lesser of: (1) a maximum period of time, and (2) the difference between the selected pulse period and the ON period of the charging pulse.

4. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein determining the duration of the ON period of the charging pulse includes:

computing a first time period between the application of the charging current to the battery and the detection of the change in current flow through the battery; and

computing a second time period based on a particular ratio between the first time period and the second time period.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein determining the duration of the ON period of the charging pulse includes determining a sum of the first time period, the second time period, and a duration of a buffer period that spans a detection time of the change in current flow through the battery.

6. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein delaying for the duration of the OFF period of the charging pulse includes one of:

providing some flow of current from the power source to the battery; or

creating a flow of current out of the battery.

7. The method of claim 1 ,

further comprising changing an output voltage of the power source to limit the maximum charging current from one charging pulse to another charging pulse.

8. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the pulse periods are selected according to a waveform that represents the pulse periods as function of time.

9. An apparatus to charge a battery, the apparatus comprising:

a controller; and

a computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions to control the controller to:

select a pulse period;

(i) provide a charging pulse to the battery, including:

providing a charging current from a power source to the battery at a beginning of an ON period of the charging pulse;

receiving battery measurements;

detecting a change in current flow through the battery using the battery measurements; and

determining a duration of the ON period of the charging pulse based on when the change in current flow through the battery was detected relative to application of the charging current to the battery; and

interrupting the charging current from the power source to the battery at an end of the ON period of the charging pulse;

(ii) determine a duration of an OFF period of the charging pulse, including computing a difference between the selected pulse period and the ON period of the charging pulse;

(iii) delay for a duration of the OFF period of the charging pulse;

(iv) select another pulse period; and

repeat (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) using the pulse period selected in (iv).

10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein determining the duration of the OFF period of the charging pulse further includes selecting the greater of: (1) a minimum period of time, and (2) the difference between the selected pulse period and the ON period of the charging pulse.

11. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein determining the duration of the OFF period of the charging pulse further includes selecting the lesser of: (1) a maximum period of time, and (2) the difference between the selected pulse period and the ON period of the charging pulse.

12. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein determining the duration of the ON period of the charging pulse includes:

computing a first time period between the application of the charging current to the battery and the detection of the change in current flow through the battery; and

computing a second time period based on a particular ratio between the first time period and the second time period.

13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the duration of the ON period of the charging pulse comprises a sum of the first time period, the second time period, and a duration of a buffer period that spans a detection time of the change in current flow through the battery.

14. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising an FET device to serve as a switch to provide the charging current from the power source to the battery, and to interrupt the charging current from the power source to the battery,

wherein the computer-readable storage medium further comprises instructions to control the controller to vary a gate-source voltage of the FET device to control a flow of charging current to the battery.

15. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising a lookup table having stored thereon modulation waveform data representative of pulse periods for selection.