Capsules having surfactant tethered outer shells and methods for making same
Microcapsules are disclosed that have a core composition encapsulated within a polymer wall, and an inorganic shell connected to an exterior surface of the polymer wall by a surfactant. The inorganic shell has a cation attracted to the surfactant and an anion or anion equivalent chemically bonded to the cation to form the shell or has the metal portion of a metal-containing compound attracted to the surfactant to form the shell. The shell may comprise a Ca, Mg, or Ag metal compound. The shell may be a graphene oxide-metal compound.
1. A capsule comprising:
a pre-formed capsule comprising a core composition encapsulated within a polymer wall; and
an inorganic shell connected to an exterior surface of the polymer wall of the pre-formed capsule by a surfactant, the inorganic shell comprising: (i) a cation attracted to the surfactant and an anion, graphene oxide, an amine, or a carboxylate chemically bonded to the cation; or (ii) a metal-containing compound attracted to the surfactant;
wherein the surfactant comprises an ionic surfactant.
2. The capsule of claim 1 , wherein the core comprises a phase change material.
3. The capsule of claim 1 , wherein the cation is selected from the group consisting of calcium ions, silver ions, magnesium ions, iron ions, copper ions, and cobalt ions, and combinations thereof.
4. The capsule of claim 3 , wherein the cation is a silver ion, and the inorganic shell has antibacterial and antifungal growth properties.
5. The capsule of claim 3 , wherein the inorganic shell provides the capsule with a flame retardant property that reduces the percent of total mass burned, compared to the capsule without the shell, by at least 16% mass.
6. The capsule of claim 5 , wherein the inorganic shell reduces the percent of total mass burned by at least 40%.
7. The capsule of claim 2 , wherein the full or partial inorganic shell comprises a cation and an anion, and is selected from the group consisting of CO 3 −2 , HPO 4 −2 , PO 4 −3 , SO 4 −2 , SO 3 −2 , OH −1 , HSO 4 −1 , and combinations thereof.
8. The capsule of claim 7 , wherein the anion of the inorganic shell comprises HPO 4 −2 , PO 4 −3 , SO 4 −2 , SO 3 −2 , HSO 4 −1 or combinations thereof.
9. The capsule of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic shell comprises a discontinuous wall encapsulating the polymer wall.
10. The capsule of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic shell comprises a cation and graphene oxide.
11. The capsule of claim 10 , wherein the cation comprises calcium ions and the core comprises a phase change material.
12. The capsule of claim 10 , wherein the inorganic shell comprises a discontinuous wall encapsulating the polymer wall.
13. The capsule of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic shell comprises the metal-containing compound attracted to the surfactant, the metal-containing compound being a metal oxide or a metal oxide-hydroxide.
14. The capsule of claim 1 , wherein the polymer wall comprises melamine formaldehyde, gelatin, cross-linked melamine, resorcinol urea formaldehyde, or acrylic polymer.
15. The capsule of claim 13 , wherein the polymer wall comprises a cross-linked melamine and the core comprises a phase change material, the cross-linked melamine comprising melamine formaldehyde polymerized with a crosslinking agent comprising:
(a) a reaction product of a cyclic urea (U) and a multifunctional aldehyde (A), and
(b) at least one crosslinker selected from the group consisting of
(b1) reaction products of an aminotriazine and at least one aldehyde selected from the group consisting of aliphatic monoaldehydes and multifunctional aliphatic aldehydes having the structure Y(CHO) n , where Y is an n-functional aliphatic residue, and n is greater than 1, where U is not dihydroxyethylene urea if the crosslinker (b) is (b1),
(b2) reaction products of urea and/or cyclic ureas and formaldehyde,
(b3) alkoxycarbonylaminotriazines,
(b4) multifunctional isocyanates which may be partially or completely blocked,
(b5) reaction products of phenols and aliphatic monoaldehydes,
(b6) multifunctional epoxides,
(b7) multifunctional aziridines,
(b8) multifunctional carbodiimides,
wherein any of the crosslinkers (a) and (b) which have hydroxyl groups may be etherified with one or more linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic alcohols.
16. A method for surface treating capsules, the method comprising:
providing pre-formed capsules comprising a core composition encapsulated within a polymer wall;
mixing an aqueous surfactant comprising an ionic surfactant and the pre-formed capsules together, wherein the surfactant attaches to an exterior surface of the polymer wall to form a surfactant-capsule intermediate;
firstly adding aqueous cations to the surfactant-capsule intermediate to form secondary intermediate capsules with the cations associated with the surfactant or adding a metal-containing compound suspended, solubilized, or dissolved in water to the surfactant-capsule intermediate to form an inorganic solid as an outer shell of the capsules; and
when the secondary intermediate capsules are formed, secondly adding aqueous anions, graphene oxide, an amine, or a carboxylate to the secondary intermediate capsules to chemically bond to the cation and form an inorganic solid as an outer shell of the capsules.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising forming the capsules before mixing with the aqueous surfactant.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the shell is a discontinuous outer shell.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the core comprises a phase change material.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the cation is selected from the group consisting of calcium ions, silver ions, magnesium ions, and combinations thereof.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the shell comprises a cation and an anion, selected from the group consisting of CO 3 −2 , HPO 4 −2 , PO 4 −3 , SO 4 −2 , SO 3 −2 , OH −1 ,HSO 4 −1 , and combinations thereof.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the shell comprises a cation and an anion equivalent, wherein the anion equivalent is graphene oxide.
23. The method of claim 16 , wherein the metal-containing compound was added during the adding step, the metal-containing compound being a metal oxide or a metal oxide-hydroxide.
24. The method of claim 16 , wherein the polymer wall comprises melamine formaldehyde, gelatin, cross-linked melamine, resorcinol urea formaldehyde, or acrylic polymer.
25. An article of manufacture comprising:
a capsule incorporated therein, the capsule comprising:
a pre-formed capsule comprising a core composition encapsulated within a polymer wall; and
an inorganic shell connected to an exterior surface of the polymer wall of the pre-formed capsule by a surfactant, the inorganic shell comprising: (i) a cation attracted to the surfactant and an anion, graphene oxide, an amine, or a carboxylate chemically bonded to the cation; or (ii) a metal-containing compound attracted to the surfactant;
wherein the surfactant comprises an ionic surfactant.
26. The article of manufacture of claim 25 , wherein the inorganic shell comprises a cation and graphene oxide.
27. The article of manufacture of claim 26 , wherein the article of manufacture is a cooling apparatus for an electronic device comprising a substrate with a coating applied thereto that comprises a plurality of the capsules dispersed therein.
28. The article of manufacture of claim 27 , wherein the substrate includes an adhesive layer on the substrate on a surface opposite the coating, and the inorganic shell comprises at least 1 g of graphene per microcapsule, and the microcapsules increase the average performance of the electronic device by at least 10%.
29. The article of manufacture of claim 25 , wherein the core comprises a phase change material, and the cation is selected from the group consisting of calcium ions, silver ions, magnesium ions, iron ions, copper ions, and cobalt ions, and combinations thereof; wherein the capsule has a flame retardant property that reduces the percent of total mass burned, compared to the capsule without the shell, by at least 16% mass.
30. The article of manufacture of claim 29 , wherein the inorganic shell reduces the percent of total mass burned by at least 40%.
31. The article of manufacture of claim 29 , wherein the article of manufacture is a building material.
32. The article of manufacture of claim 25 , wherein the article of manufacture is a solar cell, and the core comprises a phase change material, and the inorganic shell comprises the cation and the anion is selected from the group consisting of HPO 4 −2 , PO 4 −3 , SO 4 −2 , SO 3 −2 , HSO 4 −1 , and combinations thereof.
33. The article of manufacture of claim 25 , wherein the article of manufacture is a textile fabric or textile material; wherein the cation is a silver ion, and the inorganic shell has antibacterial and antifungal growth properties.
34. A composition of matter comprising:
a plurality of capsules dispersed with a spreadable medium, the plurality of capsules comprising:
a pre-formed capsule comprising a core composition encapsulated within a polymer wall; and
an inorganic shell connected to an exterior surface of the polymer wall of the pre-formed capsule by a surfactant, the inorganic shell comprising: (i) a cation attracted to the surfactant and an anion, graphene oxide, an amine, or a carboxylate chemically bonded to the cation; or (ii) a metal-containing compound attracted to the surfactant;
wherein the surfactant comprises an ionic surfactant.
35. The composition of matter of claim 34 , wherein the cation is a silver ion, and the inorganic shell has antibacterial and antifungal growth properties.
36. The composition of matter of claim 34 , wherein the spreadable medium is a paint, or a coating.