Electrochemical energy storage devices
Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).
1. An electrochemical energy storage system comprising a container comprising an energy storage cell, wherein said energy storage cell comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte disposed between said negative electrode and said positive electrode, wherein components of said electrolyte and said positive electrode are capable of forming a solid or semi-solid intermetallic layer adjacent to said electrolyte during operation of said energy storage cell at an operating temperature of at least about 200° C.
2. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein at said operating temperature, said electrolyte is in a liquid state.
3. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein at said operating temperature, at least two of said positive electrode, said electrolyte and said negative electrode are in a liquid state.
4. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 3 , wherein at said operating temperature, said positive electrode, said electrolyte and said negative electrode are in a liquid state.
5. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said container comprises a plurality of energy storage cells comprising said energy storage cell.
6. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said electrochemical energy storage system maintains at least about 90% of its energy storage capacity after 100 charge/discharge cycles.
7. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 6 , wherein said energy storage system maintains at least about 90% of its energy storage capacity after 500 charge/discharge cycles.
8. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said electrochemical energy storage system has an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 kWh.
9. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 8 , wherein said energy storage capacity is greater than or equal to about 1 MWh.
10. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said negative electrode comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium.
11. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of lead, antimony, tin, tellurium and bismuth.
12. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said intermetallic layer comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of magnesium antimonide, calcium antimonide, lithium antimonide, lithium bismuthide and sodium antimonide.
13. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein a response time of said electrochemical energy storage system is less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).
14. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said electrochemical energy storage system has a power capacity of greater than 1 MW.
15. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said energy storage cell is in electrical communication with a load, and wherein said components of said electrolyte and said positive electrode are capable of forming a solid or semi-solid intermetallic layer adjacent to said electrolyte during discharge of said energy storage cell.
16. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , further comprising a controller that is configured to direct operation of said energy storage cell at said operating temperature of at least about 200° C.
17. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said electrochemical energy storage system is capable of being transported on a vehicle.
18. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said electrochemical energy storage system has an efficiency of at least about 60%.
19. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said electrochemical energy storage system has a current density of at least about 10 mA/cm 2 .
20. The electrochemical energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein said operating temperature is at least 250° C.