High-carbon biogenic reagents and uses thereof
This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.
1. A process for producing a high-carbon biogenic reagent, comprising the steps of:
providing a feedstock, wherein the feedstock comprises biomass;
drying the feedstock, thereby removing at least a portion of moisture contained within the feedstock, and thereby generating a dried feedstock;
pyrolyzing, in a pyrolysis zone, the dried feedstock in the presence of a substantially inert gas for at least 10 minutes and with a pyrolysis temperature selected from about 250° C. to about 700° C., thereby generating hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases;
separating at least a portion of the condensable vapors and at least a portion of the non-condensable gases from the hot pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling zone, the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the substantially inert gas for at least 5 minutes and with a cooling temperature less than the pyrolysis temperature, thereby generating warm pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling unit, the warm pyrolyzed solids, thereby generating cool pyrolyzed solids; and
recovering the high-carbon biogenic reagent, wherein the high-carbon biogenic reagent comprises at least a portion of the cool pyrolyzed solids; and
contacting the high-carbon biogenic reagent with an iron oxide.
2. A process for producing a high-carbon biogenic reagent, comprising the steps of:
providing a feedstock, wherein the feedstock comprises biomass;
drying the feedstock, thereby removing at least a portion of moisture contained within the feedstock, and thereby generating a dried feedstock;
pyrolyzing, in a pyrolysis zone, the dried feedstock in the presence of a substantially inert gas for at least 10 minutes and with a pyrolysis temperature selected from about 250° C. to about 700° C., thereby generating hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases;
separating at least a portion of the condensable vapors and at least a portion of the non-condensable gases from the hot pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling zone, the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the substantially inert gas for at least 5 minutes and with a cooling temperature less than the pyrolysis temperature, thereby generating warm pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling unit, the warm pyrolyzed solids, thereby generating cool pyrolyzed solids; and
recovering the high-carbon biogenic reagent, wherein the high-carbon biogenic reagent comprises at least a portion of the cool pyrolyzed solids;
converting the high-carbon biogenic reagent into a gas stream comprising carbon monoxide;
contacting the gas stream with an iron oxide;
reducing the iron oxide using the gas stream; and
recovering direct-reduced iron.
3. A process for producing a high-carbon biogenic reagent, comprising the steps of:
providing a feedstock, wherein the feedstock comprises biomass;
drying the feedstock, thereby removing at least a portion of moisture contained within the feedstock, and thereby generating a dried feedstock;
pyrolyzing, in a pyrolysis zone, the dried feedstock in the presence of a substantially inert gas for at least 10 minutes and with a pyrolysis temperature selected from about 250° C. to about 700° C., thereby generating hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases;
separating at least a portion of the condensable vapors and at least a portion of the non-condensable gases from the hot pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling zone, the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the substantially inert gas for at least 5 minutes and with a cooling temperature less than the pyrolysis temperature, thereby generating warm pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling unit, the warm pyrolyzed solids, thereby generating cool pyrolyzed solids; and
recovering the high-carbon biogenic reagent, wherein the high-carbon biogenic reagent comprises at least a portion of the cool pyrolyzed solids; and
contacting the high-carbon biogenic reagent with an additive.
4. A process for producing a high-carbon biogenic reagent, comprising the steps of:
providing a feedstock, wherein the feedstock comprises biomass;
drying the feedstock, thereby removing at least a portion of moisture contained within the feedstock, and thereby generating a dried feedstock;
pyrolyzing, in a pyrolysis zone, the dried feedstock in the presence of a substantially inert gas for at least 10 minutes and with a pyrolysis temperature selected from about 250° C. to about 700° C., thereby generating hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases;
separating at least a portion of the condensable vapors and at least a portion of the non-condensable gases from the hot pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling zone, the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the substantially inert gas for at least 5 minutes and with a cooling temperature less than the pyrolysis temperature, thereby generating warm pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling unit, the warm pyrolyzed solids, thereby generating cool pyrolyzed solids; and
recovering the high-carbon biogenic reagent, wherein the high-carbon biogenic reagent comprises at least a portion of the cool pyrolyzed solids; and
contacting the high-carbon biogenic reagent with an iron oxide.
5. A process for producing a high-carbon biogenic reagent, comprising the steps of:
providing a feedstock, wherein the feedstock comprises biomass;
drying the feedstock, thereby removing at least a portion of moisture contained within the feedstock, and thereby generating a dried feedstock;
pyrolyzing, in a pyrolysis zone, the dried feedstock in the presence of a substantially inert gas for at least 10 minutes and with a pyrolysis temperature selected from about 250° C. to about 700° C., thereby generating hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases;
separating at least a portion of the condensable vapors and at least a portion of the non-condensable gases from the hot pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling zone, the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the substantially inert gas for at least 5 minutes and with a cooling temperature less than the pyrolysis temperature, thereby generating warm pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling unit, the warm pyrolyzed solids, thereby generating cool pyrolyzed solids; and
recovering the high-carbon biogenic reagent, wherein the high-carbon biogenic reagent comprises at least a portion of the cool pyrolyzed solids; and
contacting the high-carbon biogenic reagent with taconite.
6. A process for producing a high-carbon biogenic reagent, comprising the steps of:
providing a feedstock, wherein the feedstock comprises biomass;
drying the feedstock, thereby removing at least a portion of moisture contained within the feedstock, and thereby generating a dried feedstock;
pyrolyzing, in a pyrolysis zone, the dried feedstock in the presence of a substantially inert gas for at least 10 minutes and with a pyrolysis temperature selected from about 250° C. to about 700° C., thereby generating hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases;
separating at least a portion of the condensable vapors and at least a portion of the non-condensable gases from the hot pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling zone, the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the substantially inert gas for at least 5 minutes and with a cooling temperature less than the pyrolysis temperature, thereby generating warm pyrolyzed solids;
cooling, in a cooling unit, the warm pyrolyzed solids, thereby generating cool pyrolyzed solids; and
recovering the high-carbon biogenic reagent, wherein the high-carbon biogenic reagent comprises at least a portion of the cool pyrolyzed solids; and
contacting the high-carbon biogenic reagent with direct-reduced iron.