Capacitive continuous fluid level sensor
A fluid level sensor includes fluid sensing electrodes, reference electrodes, and a controller. The reference electrodes compensate for temperature fluctuations about the fluid electrodes. The controller determines fluid level based on the response of the fluid electrodes to the presence of the fluid in proximity thereto.
1. An apparatus for determining the level of a liquid in a vessel comprising a wall and an interior volume, the apparatus comprising;
a first plurality of sensing electrodes disposable on or within the wall of the vessel;
a second plurality of sensing electrodes overlying the first plurality of sensing electrodes and separated therefrom by an intervening dielectric material, each sensing electrode of the second plurality of sensing electrodes overlying and corresponding to a respective one of the first plurality of sensing electrodes;
a shield electrode overlying the second plurality of sensing electrodes; and
a controller electrically connected to each of the first plurality of sensing electrodes, to each of the second plurality of sensing electrodes, and to the shield electrode, the controller configured to:
periodically energize the first plurality of sensing electrodes;
periodically energize the second plurality of sensing electrodes;
periodically energize the shield electrode;
periodically determine first capacitances at respective ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes;
periodically determine second capacitances at corresponding respective ones of the second plurality of sensing electrodes;
periodically calculate differences between the first and second capacitances; and output a signal indicative of the presence or absence of a liquid proximate the respective ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the corresponding respective ones of the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the differences.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is configured to output a first signal indicative of the presence of the fluid proximate first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes when the fluid is proximate but does not submerge the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the difference in the capacitances of the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the controller is configured to output a second signal indicative of the presence of the fluid proximate the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes when the fluid partially submerges the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the difference in the capacitances of the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the controller is configured to output a third signal indicative of the presence of the fluid proximate the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes when the fluid fully submerges the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the difference in the capacitances of the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the controller is configured to output a fourth signal indicative of the presence of the fluid proximate second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes when the fluid further partially submerges the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the difference in the capacitances of the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the controller is configured to output a fifth signal indicative of the presence of the fluid proximate the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes when the fluid further fully submerges the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the difference in the capacitances of the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the controller is configured to:
calculate the slope of a curve connecting the difference between the capacitances of the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes and the difference between the capacitances of the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes; and
determine the extent to which the fluid submerges the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the slope of the curve.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the controller is configured to determine the extent to which the fluid submerges the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on an inflection point of the slope of the curve.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the controller is configured to output a sixth signal indicative of the presence of the fluid proximate third specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes when the fluid further partially submerges the third specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the difference in the capacitances of the third specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes.
10. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the controller is configured to output a seventh signal indicative of the presence of the fluid proximate the third specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes when the fluid further fully submerges the third specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the difference in the capacitances of the third specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the controller is configured to output an alarm if the differences in the capacitances of the first specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes and the differences in the capacitances of the third specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes exceed the differences in the capacitances of the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes by at least a predetermined threshold.
12. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the controller is configured to determine the extent to which the fluid submerges the second specific ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes and the second plurality of sensing electrodes based on the formula
Level
(
in
Percent
)
=
(
Avg
Fluid
-
Avg
Sensor
)
*
100
(
Avg
Fluid
-
Avg
no
-
fluid
)
where Avg fluid =the average capacitance of ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes exhibiting capacitance indicative of the ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes being submerged or nearly submerged, where Avg sensor =the average capacitance of all of the first plurality of sensing electrodes, and wherein Avg no-fluid =the average capacitance of ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes exhibiting capacitance indicative of the ones of the first plurality of sensing electrodes being unsubmerged or nearly unsubmerged.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 disposed in or on the wall of the vessel wherein the level determined by the controller is representative of the level of the liquid within the vessel.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each of the first plurality of sensing electrodes is arranged in a linear array having a first end and a second end.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein every line perpendicular to the linear array and between the first end and the second end of the linear array passes through at least one of the first plurality of sensing electrodes.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 disposed in or on the wall of the vessel, wherein the signal indicative of the presence or absence of a liquid is representative of the level of the liquid within the vessel.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller further is configured to energize the first plurality of sensing electrodes while sampling the second plurality of sensing electrodes.