Preparation of high-purity gadobutrol
A process for producing high-purity gadobutrol in a purity (according to HPLC) of more than 99.7 or 99.8 or 99.9% and the use for preparing a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral administration is described. The process is carried out using specifically controlled crystallization conditions.
1. A process for producing a high-purity gadobutrol (N-(1 hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4,7-triscarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), the process comprising:
crystallizing a crude gadobutrol product from a first ethanol solution having a water content of 7.0 to 9.5%;
isolating a crystallized crude gadobutrol;
treating an aqueous solution of the crystallized crude gadobutrol on an ion exchange column cascade to produce a gadobutrol eluate until the gadobutrol eluate has a conductivity of less than 40 μS/cm;
concentrating the gadobutrol eluate having the conductivity of less than 40 μS/cm to provide a concentrated gadobutrol eluate;
crystallizing the concentrated gadobutrol eluate from a second ethanol solution having a water content of 10.0 to 12.0% to give a purified gadobutrol in crystalline form; and
isolating and drying the purified gadobutrol to give the high-purity gadobutrol.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein crystallizing the crude gadobutrol product comprises: heating the first ethanol solution having the water content of 7.0 to 9.5% under reflux; and cooling the first ethanol solution having the water content of 7.0 to 9.5% to form the crystallized crude gadobutrol.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the first ethanol solution has a water content of 8.0 to 9.0%.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange column cascade comprises an acidic ion exchange column followed by a basic ion exchange column.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein treating the aqueous solution of the crystallized crude gadobutrol comprises repeatedly treating the aqueous solution of crystallized crude gadobutrol on the ion exchange column cascade until the gadobutrol eluate has a conductivity of less than 20 μS/cm.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein crystallizing the concentrated gadobutrol eluate comprises: heating the second ethanol solution having the water content of 10.0 to 12.0% under reflux; and cooling the second ethanol solution having the water content of 10.0 to 12.0% to give the purified gadobutrol in crystalline form.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein crystallizing the concentrated gadobutrol eluate further comprises:
treating the concentrated gadobutrol eluate with activated carbon; filtering to remove the activated carbon; and
adding sufficient ethanol to adjust the water content of the second ethanol solution to 10.0 to 12.0% prior to heating the second ethanol solution.
8. The process of claim 6 , wherein the second ethanol solution has a water content of 10.5 to 11.5%.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the high-purity gadobutrol has a purity of greater than 99.7% as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the high-purity gadobutrol is a polymorph I monohydrate polymorph of gadobutrol.
11. The process of claim 9 , wherein the high-purity gadobutrol has less than 0.01% free Gd 3+ , less than 0.03% free butrol (N-(1-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4,7-triscarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) ligand, and less than 0.06% of poly(1-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydroxypropyl) cyclen byproducts.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the high-purity gadobutrol has a purity of greater than 99.8% as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
13. The process of claim 1 , further comprising synthesizing the crude gadobutrol product by a process comprising:
reacting cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) with 4,4-dimethyl-3,5,8-trioxabycicly[5.1.0]octane and lithium chloride to produce an N-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxepan-5-yl)-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane)/LiCl complex;
alkylating the N-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxepan-5-yl)-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane)/LiCl complex with sodium monochloroacetate to produce a medium containing an alkylated intermediate;
acidifying the medium containing the alkylated intermediate to produce an acidified medium;
precipitating and removing any salts from the acidified medium containing the alkylated intermediate to provide a medium containing butrol (N-(1-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4,7-triscarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane);
adding gadolinium oxide to the medium containing the butrol to complex a gadolinium ion (Gd 3+ )with the butrol to form a solution of the crude gadobutrol product;
neutralizing the pH of the solution of the crude gadobutrol product to a pH of from 7.1-7.4 to form a neutralized solution of the crude gadobutrol product;
concentrating the neutralized solution of the crude gadobutrol product; and
adding sufficient ethanol to provide the crude gadobutrol product in the ethanol solution having the water content of 7.0 to 9.5%.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process is conducted on an industrial scale.
15. The process of claim 1 , further comprising adding from 0.08 to 0.14% of calcobutrol.
16. A process for producing a high-purity gadobutrol (N-(1-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4,7-triscarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), the process comprising:
crystallizing a crude gadobutrol product from a first ethanol solution having a water content of 7.0 to 9.5%;
isolating a crystallized crude gadobutrol;
repeatedly treating an aqueous solution of the crystallized crude gadobutrol on an ion exchange column cascade comprising an acidic ion exchange column followed by a basic ion exchange column to produce a gadobutrol eluate until the gadobutrol eluate has a conductivity of less than 40 μS/cm;
concentrating the gadobutrol eluate having the conductivity of less than 40 μS/cm to provide a concentrated gadobutrol eluate;
crystallizing the concentrated gadobutrol eluate from a second ethanol solution having a water content of 10.0 to 12.0% to give a purified gadobutrol in crystalline form; and
isolating and drying the purified gadobutrol to give the high-purity gadobutrol having a purity of greater than 99.7% as determined by high performance liquid chromatography.
17. The process of claim 16 , further comprising synthesizing the crude gadobutrol product by a process comprising:
reacting cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) with 4,4-dimethyl-3,5,8-trioxabycicly[5.1.0]octane and lithium chloride to produce an N-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxepan-5-yl)-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane)/LiCl complex;
alkylating the N-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxepan-5-yl)-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane)/LiCl complex with sodium monochloroacetate to produce a medium containing an alkylated intermediate;
acidifying the medium containing the alkylated intermediate to produce an acidified medium;
precipitating and removing any salts from the acidified medium containing the alkylated intermediate to provide a medium containing butrol (N-(1-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4,7-triscarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane);
adding gadolinium oxide to the medium containing the butrol to complex a gadolinium ion (Gd 3+ ) with the butrol to form a solution of the crude gadobutrol product;
neutralizing the pH of the solution of the crude gadobutrol product to a pH of from 7.1-7.4 to form a neutralized solution of the crude gadobutrol product;
concentrating the neutralized solution of the crude gadobutrol product; and
adding sufficient ethanol to provide the crude gadobutrol product in the ethanol solution having the water content of 7.0 to 9.5%.
18. The process of claim 16 , wherein the high-purity gadobutrol is a polymorph I monohydrate polymorph of gadobutrol.
19. The process of claim 16 , wherein the high-purity gadobutrol has less than 0.01% free Gd 3+ ions and less than 0.03% of free butrol ligand.
20. The process of claim 16 , further comprising adding from 0.08 to 0.14% of calcobutrol.