Active limiting circuit for intrinsically safe equipment
An active limiting switch includes a comparator and a power switch. The comparator is configured to compare a reference voltage with a sense voltage. The sense voltage is representative of a proportional approximation to power in a load being driven by a battery. The power switch is configured to be, in response to the reference voltage being less than the sense voltage, in an open state. The power switch is also configured to be, in response to the reference voltage being greater than the sense voltage, in a closed state creating a closed circuit between the battery and the load allowing the battery to provide a first amount of power to the load.
1. An active limiting circuit, comprising:
a comparator configured to compare a reference voltage with a sense voltage, the sense voltage being dependent on a voltage and a current provided to a load being driven by a battery;
a power switch configured to be, in response to the reference voltage being less than the sense voltage, in an open state, and in response to the reference voltage being greater than the sense voltage, in a closed state creating a closed circuit between the battery and the load allowing the battery to provide a first amount of power to the load;
a series inductor coupled between the battery and the load, the inductor configured to effectively rate-limit an output current supplied to the load to allow time for the active limiting circuit to enter the open state in a presence of energy transients;
a feedback voltage divider coupled to the battery and the comparator, the feedback voltage divider configured to generate the sense voltage based on a battery output voltage and a battery output current; and
a sense resistor coupled in series to the feedback voltage divider;
wherein the feedback voltage divider includes a first resistor coupled to the sense resistor and the comparator, a second resistor coupled to the battery and the comparator, and a hysteresis resistor coupled to the load and the comparator.
2. The active limiting circuit of claim 1 , wherein the sense voltage is equal to α*V out +β*I out , wherein α is equal to a ratio between a value of the hysteresis resistor in parallel, when the switch is in the closed state, with a value of the first resistor and the value of the hysteresis resistor in parallel, when the switch is in the closed state, with the value of the first resistor added to the value of the second resistor, V out is the voltage provided to the load, β is a value of the sense resistor, and I out is the battery output current.
3. The active limiting circuit of claim 2 , wherein the reference voltage, α, and β are based on a desired power output threshold and a range of operation for the battery output voltage.
4. The active limiting circuit of claim 3 , wherein the desired power output threshold is based on a type of hazardous atmosphere where the load is located.
5. The active limiting circuit of claim 1 , wherein:
in response to the reference voltage being greater than the sense voltage, the comparator is further configured to drive a gate of the power switch with a HIGH voltage signal, causing the power switch to be in the closed state; and
in response to the reference voltage being less than the sense voltage:
the comparator is further configured to drive a gate of the power switch with a LOW voltage signal, causing the power switch to be in the open state; and
the hysteresis resistor is configured to provide hysteresis to the power switch such that the power switch stays latched open.
6. The active limiting circuit of claim 1 , further comprising a bypass resistor coupled in parallel with the power switch, the bypass resistor configured, in response to the power switch being in the open state, to allow the battery to provide a second amount of power to the load, the second amount of power being less than the first amount of power.
7. The active limiting circuit of claim 1 , wherein the power switch is an n-channel metal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS) enhancement type transistor.
8. The active limiting circuit of claim 1 , further comprising a diode in parallel with the series inductor.
9. A system comprising:
a power source configured to generate a signal at a first power level based on an output voltage and an output current of the power source;
a load configured to receive the signal;
a first active limiting circuit coupled to the power source and the load, the first active limiting circuit including:
a first comparator configured to compare a first reference voltage with a first sense voltage, the first sense voltage representative of the first power level in the signal generated by the power source;
a feedback voltage divider coupled to the power source and the comparator, the feedback voltage divider configured to generate the first sense voltage based on the output voltage and the output current; and
a sense resistor coupled in series to the feedback voltage divider;
wherein the feedback voltage divider includes a first resistor coupled to the sense resistor and the comparator, a second resistor coupled to the power source and the comparator, and a hysteresis resistor coupled to the load and the comparator; and
a first power switch configured to be, in response to the first reference voltage being less than the first sense voltage, in an open state preventing the power source from providing the signal at the first power level to the load, and in response to the first reference voltage being greater than the first sense voltage, in a closed state creating a closed circuit between the power source and the load allowing the power source to provide the signal at the first power level to the load;
wherein the first active limiting circuit further includes a series inductor coupled between the power source and the load, the inductor configured to effectively rate-limit the output current supplied to the load to allow time for the first power switch to enter the open state in a presence of energy transients.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the first sense voltage is equal to α*V out +β*I out , wherein α is equal to a ratio between a value of the hysteresis resistor in parallel, when the power switch is in the closed state, with a value of the first resistor and the value of the hysteresis resistor in parallel, when the power switch is in the closed state, with the value of the first resistor added to the value of the second resistor, V out is the output voltage, β is a value of the sense resistor, and I out is the output current.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the first voltage reference, α, and β are based on a desired power output threshold and a range of operation for the power source.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the desired power output threshold is based on a type of hazardous atmosphere where the load is located.
13. The system of claim 11 , further comprising:
a second active limiting circuit coupled to the power source and the load, the second active limiting circuit including a second comparator configured to compare a second reference voltage with a second sense voltage, the second sense voltage representative of the first power level in the signal generated by the power source; and
a second power switch configured to be, in response to the second reference voltage being less than the second sense voltage, in an open state, preventing the power source from providing the signal at the first power level to the load, and in response to the second reference voltage being greater than the second sense voltage, in a closed state creating a closed circuit between the power source and the load allowing the power source to provide the signal at the first power level to the load.
14. The system of claim 13 , further comprising a bypass resistor coupled in parallel with the first and second power switches, the bypass resistor configured, in response to the first power switch being in the open state or the second power switch being in the open state, to allow the power source to provide the signal at a second power level to the load, the second power level being less than the first power level.
15. The system of claim 9 , wherein the active limiting circuit further comprises a diode in parallel with the series inductor.
16. A method for limiting power to a load comprising:
receiving a signal from a power source, the signal having a first power level based on an output voltage and an output current in the signal;
generating, by a feedback voltage divider and a sense resistor coupled in series with the feedback voltage divider, a sense voltage representative of the power level of the signal, wherein the feedback voltage divider includes a first resistor coupled to the sense resistor and a comparator, a second resistor coupled to the power source and the comparator, and a hysteresis resistor coupled to the load and the comparator;
comparing, by the comparator, the sense voltage with a reference voltage associated with a desired power output threshold;
in response to the reference voltage being less than the sense voltage, driving a gate of a power switch with a LOW voltage signal to open the power switch preventing the power source from providing the signal to a load at the first power level;
in response to the reference voltage being greater than the sense voltage, driving the gate of the power switch with a HIGH voltage signal to close the power switch allowing the power source to provide the signal to the load at the first power level; and
rate-limiting the output current utilizing a series inductor between the power source and the load.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the sense voltage is equal to α*V out +β*I out , wherein α is equal to a ratio between a value of the hysteresis resistor in parallel, when the power switch is closed, with a value of the first resistor and the value of the hysteresis resistor in parallel, when the power switch is closed, with the value of the first resistor added to the value of the second resistor, V out is the output voltage, β is a value of the sense resistor, and I out is the output current.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the reference voltage, α, and β are based on a desired power output threshold and a range of operation for the power source.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the desired power output threshold is based on a type of hazardous atmosphere where the load is located.
20. The method of claim 16 , further comprising in response to the power switch opening, bypassing the power switch allowing the power source to provide the signal to the load at a second power level, the second power level being less than the first power level.