Bioelectronic pharmaceuticals

1. A method for treating a first subject having a disease or disorder comprising administering to the first subject to be treated an acoustic playback of a previously recorded neurogram, the previously recorded neurogram being previously recorded from a second subject comprising a disease-specific neurogram or a condition-specific neurogram or an endogenous mediator-specific neurogram or a pharmacologic agent-specific neurogram, wherein the acoustic playback of the previously recorded neurogram is at an intensity and for a duration to treat the disease or disorder, and wherein the acoustic playback of the previously recorded neurogram is administered to the first subject via audio output.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or disorder is one or more of inflammation, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, trauma, bleeding, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, nausea, vomiting, cancer, prostate cancer, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, endotoxemia, colitis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's Disease, fever, anorexia, pain, swelling, kidney failure, liver disease, hypothyroidism, a host response to infection, an immune response, and a disease or disorder in which it is desirable to increase the activity or level of a cytokine.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second subject is an animal or a human having the disease, condition, endogenous mediator or pharmacologic agent at a time of recording the previously recorded neurogram.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previously recorded neurogram is obtained from a parasympathetic nerve, a sympathetic nerve, a cranial nerve or a somatic nerve of the second subject.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previously recorded neurogram is obtained from a vagus nerve, splenic nerve, splanchnic nerve, sciatic nerve, or a nerve to an organ or portion of an organ of the second subject.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previously recorded neurogram is used to modulate a cytokine-specific physiological effect.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein blood glucose levels are increased in the first subject when the first subject is being treated by the acoustic playback having the previously recorded neurogram comprising a hypoglycemia-specific, insulin-specific or cortisol-specific neurogram previously recorded from a vagus nerve of the second subject.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the first subject receiving the acoustic playback of the previously recorded neurogram has one or more of hypoglycemia, kidney failure, liver disease and hypothyroidism.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein blood glucose levels are decreased in the first subject when the first subject is being treated by the acoustic playback having the previously recorded neurogram comprising a hyperglycemia-specific or glucose-specific neurogram previously recorded from a vagus nerve of the second subject.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first subject receiving the acoustic playback of the previously recorded neurogram has one or more of diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or disorder of the first subject comprises inflammation and the inflammation is treated by acoustic playback to the first subject when the previously recorded neurogram is an anti-inflammatory-specific neurogram previously recorded from the vagus nerve of the second subject.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the anti-inflammatory-specific neurogram is a dexamethosone-specific neurogram or a cortisol-specific neurogram.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previously recorded neurogram is obtained using implantable electrodes.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first subject receiving the acoustic playback of the previously recorded neurogram is a human.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acoustic playback of the previously recorded neurogram is applied to one or both ears of the first subject.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previously recorded neurogram is recorded from the second subject when the second subject has the disease or condition comprising hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, euglycemic or inflammation.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previously recorded neurogram is recorded from the second subject when the second subject has the disease or condition comprising type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, trauma, bleeding, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, nausea, cancer, prostate cancer, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, endotoxemia, colitis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's Disease, fever, anorexia, pain, swelling, kidney failure, liver disease, hypothyroidism, a host response to infection, an immune response, or a disease or disorder in which it is desirable to increase the activity or level of a cytokine.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previously recorded neurogram is recorded from the second from the first subject in response to administration of the endogenous mediator or the pharmacological agent comprising a cytokine, a hormone or a metabolite.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previously recorded neurogram is recorded from the second subject in response to administration of the endogenous mediator or the pharmacological agent comprising glucose, glucagon, insulin, cortisol, dexamethasone, a chemokine, a colony stimulating factor, high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), an interferon (IFN), an interleukin (IL), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNFα, TNFβ, a lymphokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a monokine, or a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β).

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the interleukin is IL-1β or one or more of IL-1 through IL-36.