Edge coupler
A composite optical waveguide is constructed using an array of waveguide cores, in which one core is tapered to a larger dimension, so that all the cores are used as a composite input port, and the one larger core is used as an output port. In addition, transverse couplers can be fabricated in a similar fashion. The waveguide cores are preferably made of SiN. In some cases, a layer of SiN which is provided as an etch stop is used as at least one of the waveguide cores. The waveguide cores can be spaced away from a semiconductor layer so as to minimize loses.
1. A coupler for coupling light between first and second spaced apart waveguides, comprising:
an edge coupler including a first plurality of spaced apart waveguide cores capable of evanescent coupling therebetween,
wherein outer ends of the first plurality of waveguide cores form a first input/output port for optically coupling to the first waveguide enabling the transfer of the light between the first waveguide and the first plurality of waveguide cores, and
wherein inner ends of the first plurality of waveguide cores form a second input/output port enabling the evanescent coupling of light between the first plurality of waveguide cores and the second waveguide.
2. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein the second waveguide comprises a vertical coupler including a second plurality of space apart waveguide cores capable of evanescent coupling therebetween, outer ends of which are optically coupled by evanescent coupling to inner ends of the first plurality of waveguide cores, and inner ends of which enable evanescent coupling of light between the second plurality of waveguide cores and a device layer.
3. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein the first waveguide includes a larger mode size than the edge coupler.
4. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein the edge coupler includes a first upper waveguide core, and a second lower waveguide core vertically spaced from the first upper waveguide core; and
wherein the second waveguide core includes a width that expands towards the inner end thereof for increasing evanescent transfer of the light between the first waveguide core and the second waveguide core.
5. The coupler according to claim 4 , wherein the width of the second waveguide core expands from about 300 nm to about 1 μm.
6. The coupler according to claim 4 , wherein the second waveguide core is longer than the first waveguide core.
7. The coupler according to claim 6 , wherein the first waveguide core includes a width that tapers down towards the inner end thereof.
8. The coupler according to claim 6 , wherein the width of the first waveguide core tapers from about 300 nm to about 100 nm.
9. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein the edge coupler includes a first upper waveguide core, and a second lower waveguide core vertically spaced from the first upper waveguide core; and
wherein the second waveguide core is longer than the first waveguide core.
10. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein the edge coupler includes a first upper waveguide core, and a second lower waveguide core vertically spaced from the first upper waveguide core; and
wherein the first waveguide core includes a width that tapers down towards the inner end thereof.
11. The coupler according to claim 10 , wherein the width of the first waveguide core tapers from about 300 nm to about 100 nm.
12. The coupler according to claim 10 , wherein the edge coupler further includes a third upper waveguide core laterally spaced from the first waveguide core, and a fourth lower waveguide core vertically spaced from the third upper waveguide core; and
wherein the third and fourth waveguide cores taper down towards the inner end thereof.
13. The coupler according to claim 12 , wherein the second waveguide core includes a width that expands towards the inner end thereof for increasing evanescent transfer of the light between the first, third and fourth waveguide cores and the second waveguide core.
14. The coupler according to claim 13 , wherein the width of the second waveguide core expands from about 300 nm to about 1 μm; and
wherein the width of the first, third and fourth waveguide cores taper down from about 300 nm to about 100 nm.
15. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein first waveguide core is provided in a first stop layer of dielectric material; wherein the second waveguide core is provided in a second stop layer of dielectric material; and further comprising metallization between the first and second stop layers of dielectric material.
16. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein the outer end of each of the first plurality of waveguide cores includes a width of less than 1 micron and a thickness of less than 1 micron.
17. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of first waveguide cores includes a constant thickness of about 120 nm.
18. The coupler according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of first waveguide cores comprises a dielectric or semiconductor material enabling illumination of a desired wavelength; and
wherein the semiconductor or dielectric material is selected from the group consisting of crystalline silicon, poly-silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon dioxide, doped silicon dioxide, and a polymer.
19. A coupler for coupling light between first and second vertically spaced apart waveguides, comprising:
an edge coupler including a first plurality of vertically spaced apart waveguide cores capable of evanescent coupling therebetween, outer ends of which form a first input/output port for optically coupling to the first waveguide enabling the transfer of the light between the first waveguide and the first plurality of waveguide cores, and
a vertical coupler including a second plurality of vertically space apart waveguide cores capable of evanescent coupling therebetween, outer ends of which are optically coupled by evanescent coupling to inner ends of the first plurality of waveguide cores, and inner ends of which form a second input/output port enabling the evanescent coupling of light between the second plurality of waveguide cores and the second waveguide.