Amine detection using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy with functionalized nanoparticles
A method of analyzing a selected refinery chemical at a low concentration comprises contacting a sample with functionalized metallic nanoparticles that contain metallic nanoparticles functionalized with a functional group comprising a cyano group, a thiol group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a boronic acid group, an aza group, an ether group, a hydroxyl group, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; radiating the sample contacted with the functionalized metallic nanoparticles with electromagnetic radiation at a selected energy level; measuring a Raman spectrum emitted from the sample; and determining the presence or a concentration of a selected refinery chemical in the sample from the Raman spectrum.
1. A method of analyzing a selected refinery chemical at a low concentration, the method comprising: contacting a sample with functionalized metallic nano particles that contain metallic nanoparticies functionalized with a cyano group covalently bonded to the metallic nanoparticles without intervening atoms, the metallic nanoparticles comprising Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Al, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; radiating the sample contacted with the functionalized metallic nanoparticles with electromagnetic radiation at a selected energy level; measuring a Raman spectrum emitted from the sample; and determining the presence or a concentration of a selected refinery chemical in the sample from the Raman spectrum, wherein the selected refinery chemical is a nitrogen-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, antibiotics, boron-containing compound or ions, chlorides, perchlorides, sulphides, sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, iron ions, lead ions, arsenic ions, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the metallic nanoparticles comprises Au, Ag, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selected refinery chemical is a nitrogen-containing compound.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using a Raman peak of the functionalized metallic nanoparticles as an internal standard to calibrate the measured concentration of the selected refinery chemical in the sample.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein no internal standards are used together with functionalized metallic nanoparticles.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are derived from a precursor of the metallic nanoparticles and an amino acid at a pH of greater than about 7.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are free of sulfur or any sulfur-containing moieties.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are present in a sol or colloidal suspension.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are disposed on a support layer.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the support layer comprises glass, silica, graphene, carbon nanotubes, ceramics, a polymer, a semiconducting material, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are disposed in a matrix comprising glass, silica, ceramics, a polymer, or a semiconducting material.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is effective to determine a nitrogen-containing compound at a concentration of equal to or greater than about 1 parts per billion to about 1,000 parts per million with a standard deviation of about 0.1% to about 5%.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic particles have an average particle size of about 5 nanometers to about 350 micrometers.
14. A system for analyzing a selected refinery chemical at a low concentration, the system comprising:
a substrate comprising functionalized metallic nanoparticles that contain metallic nanoparticles functionalized with a functional group, which is covalently bonded to the metallic nanoparticle without intervening atoms, the functional group comprising a cyano group; and
a Raman spectrometer configured to determining the presence or a concentration of a selected refinery chemical in a sample that is in contact with the substrate from a Raman spectrum of the sample
wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles comprise gold or silver nanoparticles functionalized with a cyano group, and the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are free of sulfur or any sulfur-containing moieties.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the substrate comprises functionalized metallic nanoparticles in a sol or colloidal suspension.
16. The system of claim 14 , wherein the substrate comprises functionalized metallic nanoparticles disposed on a support layer, the support layer comprising glass, silica, graphene, carbon nanotubes, ceramics, a polymer, a semiconducting material, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
17. The system of claim 14 , wherein the substrate comprises functionalized metallic nanoparticles disposed in a matrix comprising glass, silica, ceramics, a polymer, or a semiconducting material.
18. The system of claim 14 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are derived from a precursor of the metallic nanoparticles and an amino acid at a pH of greater than about 7.
19. The system of claim 14 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles comprise gold nanoparticles functionalized with a cyano group, and the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are free of sulfur or any sulfur-containing moieties.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles comprise gold or silver nanoparticles functionalized with a cyano group; the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are free of sulfur or any sulfur-containing moieties; and the selected refinery chemical is a nitrogen-containing compound.