Beads for nucleic acid sequencing

1. A method for preparation of a primer-conjugated bead, comprising:

(a) coupling a plurality of polymer chains comprising a plurality of first reactive groups to an aminated bead to provide a plurality of second reactive groups coupled to the bead through a respective one of the polymer chains; and

(b) covalently attaching amine- or hydroxy-terminated primers to the plurality of second reactive groups to form the primer-conjugated bead, wherein an individual polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a repeat unit comprising a functional group that is different from functional groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second reactive groups, wherein the functional group is hydrophilic, and wherein the individual polymer chain comprises greater than or equal to 40 mole % (mol %) of the functional group,

wherein a given polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a carbon backbone of the formula:

wherein ‘T’ is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , NH(CH 2 ) t OH, (OCH 2 CH 2 ) v CH 3 , (OCH 2 CH 2 ) v OH, (OCH 2 CH 2 ) v OCH 3 and OCH 3 , wherein ‘t’ is 1 to 4, ‘v’ is 1 to 100;

wherein ‘R 2 ’, ‘R 3 ’, ‘R 4 ’ and ‘R 5 ’ are independently H or CH 3 ; and

wherein ‘y’ and ‘z’ are mole percentages, wherein (‘y’+‘z’)=100 mol %, and wherein ‘y’ is less than or equal to 60 mol % and ‘z’ is greater than or equal to 40 mol %.

2. A method for preparation of a primer-conjugated bead, comprising:

(a) coupling a plurality of polymer chains comprising a plurality of first reactive groups to an aminated bead to provide a plurality of second reactive groups coupled to the bead through a respective one of the polymer chains, and

(b) covalently attaching amine- or hydroxy-terminated primers to the plurality of second reactive groups to form the primer-conjugated bead, wherein an individual polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a repeat unit comprising a functional group that is different from functional groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second reactive groups, wherein the functional group is hydrophilic, and wherein the individual polymer chain comprises greater than or equal to 40 mole % (mol %) of the functional group,

wherein a given polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a carbon backbone of the formula:

wherein ‘X’ is a halide;

wherein ‘R 1 ’ is OH; (OCH 2 CH 2 ) v OH with v=1 to 200; NH(CH 2 ) a OH, with ‘a’=1 to 6; NH(CH 2 CH 2 O) t CH 2 CH 2 OH with ‘t’=0 to 200;

or F z , with ‘z’=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

wherein ‘T’ is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , NHCH 2 CH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) b OCH 3 and (OCH 2 CH 2 ) d OCH 3 , wherein ‘b’=0 to 200, ‘d’=1 to 200;

wherein ‘R 2 ’ and ‘R 3 ’ are independently H or CH 3 ;

wherein ‘x’ and ‘y’ are mole percentages, wherein (‘x’+‘y’)=100 mol % and ‘x’ ranges from 0.01 to 100 mol %, and

wherein ‘W’ is a single bond or

wherein ‘D i ’=H or CH 3 , and

wherein ‘i’ is 1, 2, 3 or 4, independently.

3. A method for preparation of a primer-conjugated bead, comprising:

(a) coupling a plurality of polymer chains comprising a plurality of first reactive groups to an aminated bead to provide a plurality of second reactive groups coupled to the bead through a respective one of the polymer chains; and

(b) covalently attaching amine- or hydroxy-terminated primers to the plurality of second reactive groups to form the primer-conjugated bead, wherein an individual polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a repeat unit comprising a functional group that is different from functional groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second reactive groups, wherein the functional group is hydrophilic, and wherein the individual polymer chain comprises greater than or equal to 40 mole % (mol %) of the functional group,

wherein a given polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a carbon backbone of the formula:

wherein ‘X’ is a halide;

wherein ‘R 1 ’ is OH; (OCH 2 CH 2 ) v OH with v=1 to 200; NH(CH 2 ) a OH, with ‘a’=1 to 6; NH(CH 2 CH 2 O) t CH 2 CH 2 OH with ‘t’=0 to 200,

with ‘Q’=NO 2 or F z , wherein ‘z’ is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

wherein ‘T’ is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , NHCH 2 CH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) b OCH 3 and (OCH 2 CH 2 ) d OCH 3 , wherein ‘b’=0 to 200, ‘d’=1 to 200;

wherein ‘R 2 ’ and ‘R 3 ’ are independently H or CH 3 ;

wherein ‘y’, ‘p’, ‘q’ and ‘x’ are mole percentages, wherein (‘x’+‘y’)=100 mol %, (‘p’+‘q’)=x, x ranges from 0.01 to 100 mol % and ‘p’ ranges from 0.01 to 100 mol %, and

wherein ‘W’ is a single bond or

wherein ‘D i ’ is H or CH 3 , and wherein ‘i’ is 1, 2, 3 or 4, independently.

4. A method for preparation of a primer-conjugated bead, comprising:

(a) coupling a plurality of polymer chains comprising a plurality of first reactive groups to an aminated bead to provide a plurality of second reactive groups coupled to the bead through a respective one of the polymer chains; and

(b) covalently attaching amine- or hydroxy-terminated primers to the plurality of second reactive groups to form the primer-conjugated bead, wherein an individual polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a repeat unit comprising a functional group that is different from functional groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second reactive groups, wherein the functional group is hydrophilic, and wherein the individual polymer chain comprises greater than or equal to 40 mole % (mol %) of the functional group,

wherein a given polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a carbon backbone of the formula:

wherein ‘X’ is a halide;

wherein ‘R 2 ’, ‘R 3 ’, ‘R 4 ’ and ‘R 5 ’ are independently H or CH 3 ;

wherein ‘T’ is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , NHCH 2 CH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) b OCH 3 and (OCH 2 CH 2 ) d OCH 3 , wherein ‘b’=0 to 200, ‘d’=1 to 200; and

wherein ‘x’ and ‘y’ are mole percentages, wherein (‘x’+‘y’)=100 mol % and ‘x’ ranges from 0.01 to 100 mol %.

5. A method for preparation of a primer-conjugated bead, comprising:

(a) coupling a plurality of polymer chains comprising a plurality of first reactive groups to an aminated bead to provide a plurality of second reactive groups coupled to the bead through a respective one of the polymer chains; and

(b) covalently attaching amine- or hydroxy-terminated primers to the plurality of second reactive groups to form the primer-conjugated bead, wherein an individual polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a repeat unit comprising a functional group that is different from functional groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second reactive groups, wherein the functional group is hydrophilic, and wherein the individual polymer chain comprises greater than or equal to 40 mole % (mol %) of the functional group,

wherein a given polymer chain of the plurality of polymer chains comprises a carbon backbone of the formula:

wherein ‘X’ is a halide;

wherein ‘R 2 ’, ‘R 3 ’, ‘R 4 ’ and ‘R 5 ’ are independently H or CH 3 ;

wherein ‘T’ is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , NHCH 2 CH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) b OCH 3 and (OCH 2 CH 2 ) d OCH 3 , wherein ‘b’=0 to 200, ‘d’=1 to 200; and

wherein ‘y’, ‘p’, ‘q’ and ‘x’ are mole percentages, wherein (‘x’+‘y’)=100 mol %, (‘p’+‘q’)=‘x’, ‘x’ ranges from 0.01 to 100 mol % and ‘p’ ranges from 0.01 to 100 mol %.

6. A method for coupling primers to a bead, comprising:

(a) providing a bead comprising amine groups linked to a surface of the bead;

(b) reacting at least a portion of the amine groups with polymer chains comprising a carbon backbone of the formula:

wherein ‘T’ is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , NH(CH 2 ) t OH, (OCH 2 CH 2 ) v CH 3 , (OCH 2 CH 2 ) v OH, (OCH 2 CH 2 ) v OCH 3 and OCH 3 , wherein ‘t’ is 1 to 4, ‘v’ is 1 to 100;

wherein ‘R 2 ’, ‘R 3 ’, ‘R 4 ’ and ‘R 5 ’ are independently H or CH 3 ; and

wherein ‘y’ and ‘z’ are mole percentages, wherein (‘y’+‘z’)=100 mol %, wherein ‘y’ is less than or equal to 60 mol %, ‘z’ is greater than or equal to 40 mol %; and

(c) reacting the immobilized polymer chains with a primer comprising an amine group, providing immobilized primers coupled to at least a portion of the immobilized polymer chains.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein reactive groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second groups are the same.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bead is magnetic.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein, prior to (a), the polymer chains include reactive ester repeat units having a concentration of less than or equal to about 60 mol %.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of polymer chains are coupled to the aminated bead by grafting.

11. The method of claim 2 , wherein reactive groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second groups are the same.

12. The method of claim 2 , wherein the bead is magnetic.

13. The method of claim 2 , wherein, prior to (a), the polymer chains include reactive ester repeat units having a concentration of less than or equal to about 60 mol %.

14. The method of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of polymer chains are coupled to the aminated bead by grafting.

15. The method of claim 3 , wherein reactive groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second groups are the same.

16. The method of claim 3 , wherein the bead is magnetic.

17. The method of claim 3 , wherein, prior to (a), the polymer chains include reactive ester repeat units having a concentration of less than or equal to about 60 mol %.

18. The method of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of polymer chains are coupled to the aminated bead by grafting.

19. The method of claim 4 , wherein reactive groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second groups are the same.

20. The method of claim 4 , wherein the bead is magnetic.

21. The method of claim 4 , wherein, prior to (a), the polymer chains include reactive ester repeat units having a concentration of less than or equal to about 60 mol %.

22. The method of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of polymer chains are coupled to the aminated bead by grafting.

23. The method of claim 5 , wherein reactive groups of the plurality of first reactive groups and the plurality of second groups are the same.

24. The method of claim 5 , wherein the bead is magnetic.

25. The method of claim 5 , wherein, prior to (a), the polymer chains include reactive ester repeat units having a concentration of less than or equal to about 60 mol %.

26. The method of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of polymer chains are coupled to the aminated bead by grafting.