Single crystal graphene or polycrystalline graphene matrix composite containing carbon-based fillers
A process for producing a unitary graphene matrix composite, the process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene oxide gel having graphene oxide molecules dispersed in a fluid medium, wherein the graphene oxide gel is optically transparent or translucent; (b) mixing a carbon or graphite filler phase in said graphene oxide gel to form a slurry; (c) dispensing said slurry onto a surface of a supporting substrate or a cavity of a molding tool; (d) partially or completely removing the fluid medium from the slurry to form a composite precursor; and (e) heat-treating the composite precursor to form the unitary graphene composite at a temperature higher than 100° C. This composite exhibits a combination of exceptional thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, surface hardness, and scratch resistance.
1. A graphene matrix composite comprising: (a) a polycrystalline graphene matrix material having incomplete grain boundaries, containing closely packed and chemically bonded graphene planes having an inter-graphene plane spacing of 0.335 to 0.40 nm and an oxygen content of 0.001% to 10% by weight; (b) a carbon or graphite filler phase selected from a carbon or graphite fiber, carbon or graphite nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon nanorod, mesophase carbon particle, mesocarbon microbead, exfoliated graphite flake with a thickness greater than 100 nm, exfoliated graphite or graphite worm, coke particle, needle coke, carbon black or acetylene black particle, activated carbon particle, or a combination thereof; wherein the filler phase is covalently bonded to the matrix material, and wherein the filler phase has a weight fraction of 0.01% to 99% based on the total composite weight.
2. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 having a thickness from 10 nm to 200 μm.
3. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 having a density from 1.5 g/cm 3 to 2.0 g/cm 3 , a porosity from 5% to 20%, or both.
4. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 having a thermal conductivity from 600 W/mK to 1,750 W/mK.
5. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 having an electrical conductivity from 2,000 S/cm to 10,000 S/cm.
6. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 having a tensile strength from 40 to 200 MPa.
7. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 having a Rockwell surface hardness from 60 to 100.
8. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the graphene planes of the matrix material have a crystallographic c-axis having an average miss-orientation angle of less than 10 degrees or wherein the graphene planes of the matrix material are essentially parallel to each other.
9. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 having graphene crystals from 100 microns to 1 cm in size.
10. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the matrix material is a two dimensional or three dimensional network.
11. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the filler phase has a particulate, filamentary, or rod-like form.
12. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the filler phase is aligned along a direction to create anisotropy.
13. The graphene matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the filler phase is a porous mat, a porous web, a porous preform, a porous paper, a nonwoven fabric, or a woven fabric.