Methods for the treatment of flue gas streams using sorbent compositions with reduced auto ignition properties
An activated carbon sorbent composition comprising activated carbon and a passivation agent, wherein the activated carbon sorbent composition exhibits reduced self-heating or auto-ignition properties as compared to the activated carbon. The activated carbon sorbent composition may be utilized to sequester contaminants such as mercury from a flue gas stream. The passivation agent includes a sulfur species, and may be a sulfur oxide compound, a sulfide compound, or an organic sulfur compound. Methods for the manufacture of the activated carbon sorbent composition and for the sequestration of contaminants in a flue gas stream using the composition are also disclosed.
1. A method for sequestering contaminants from a flue gas stream traversing a flue gas train, the flue gas train comprising a particulate collection device selected from a baghouse, an electrostatic precipitator, and combinations thereof, the method comprising:
burning a combustible material to form a flue gas stream comprising contaminants, the contaminants comprising at least mercury;
injecting free-flowing particulates of a particulate activated carbon sorbent composition into the flue gas stream to sequester at least a portion of the contaminants with the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition; and
capturing at least a portion of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition in the particulate collection device,
wherein the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition comprises a powdered activated carbon having a median particle size of not greater than about 30 μm and at least about 0.1 wt. % and less than about 20 wt % of a passivation agent, the passivation agent comprising a sulfur oxide compound comprising an anion defined by a formula S x O y 2− , where x=2 and y=3, 4, 5, 6, or 8, and a cation selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aluminum, a nitrogen-containing compound, a transition metal, and an alkaline earth metal.
2. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the combustible material comprises coal.
3. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the sulfur oxide compound is in the form of a coating on the powdered activated carbon.
4. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the sulfur oxide compound comprises sulfur oxide compound particulates that are admixed with the powdered activated carbon.
5. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the particulate collection device is a baghouse.
6. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the particulate collection device is an electrostatic precipitator.
7. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the cation is hydrogen.
8. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the powdered activated carbon has a median particle size of not greater than about 15 μm, a particle density of at least about 0.4 g/cc, and a total pore volume of at least about 0.2 cc/g.
9. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the cation is a nitrogen-containing compound.
10. The method recited in claim 9 , wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is ammonium.
11. The method recited in claim 10 , wherein the sulfur oxide compound is ammonium persulfate.
12. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein a peak oxidation rate of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 10% lower than a peak oxidation rate of the powdered activated carbon.
13. The method recited in claim 1 , further comprising an oxidation agent.
14. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein the oxidation agent comprises a halogen species.
15. The method recited in claim 14 , wherein the halogen species comprises a bromide salt.
16. The method recited in claim 15 , wherein the bromide salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium bromide, ammonium bromide, calcium bromide, lithium bromide and magnesium bromide.
17. The method recited in claim 14 , wherein the halogen species comprises an iodine compound selected from the group consisting of iodides, iodates and hypoiodites.
18. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the cation is an alkaline earth metal.
19. The method recited in claim 18 , wherein the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, and barium.
20. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the cation is a transition metal.
21. The method recited in claim 20 , wherein the cation is selected from the group consisting of zinc, iron, copper, nickel, titanium, manganese, and vanadium.
22. The method recited in claim 20 , wherein the cation is zinc.
23. The method recited in claim 20 , wherein the cation is iron.
24. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the cation is aluminum.
25. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the powdered activated carbon has a median particle size of not greater than about 20 μm, a particle density of at least about 0.4 g/cc and not greater than about 0.9 g/cc.
26. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition comprises at least about 0.5 wt. % of the sulfur oxide compound.
27. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the powdered activated carbon has a median particle size of at least about 6 μm.
28. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the powdered activated carbon has a particle density of at least about 0.4 g/cc, and a total pore volume of at least about 0.2 cc/g.
29. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition comprises not greater than about 10 wt. % of the sulfur oxide compound.
30. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition comprises not greater than about 5 wt. % of the sulfur oxide compound.
31. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein the powdered activated carbon has a median particle size of not greater than about 20 μm.
32. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein a peak oxidation rate of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 40% lower than a peak oxidation rate of the powdered activated carbon.
33. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein a specific enthalpy of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 20% lower than a specific enthalpy of activated carbon.
34. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein a specific enthalpy of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 30% lower than a specific enthalpy of the powdered activated carbon.
35. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein a specific enthalpy of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 10% lower than a specific enthalpy of the powdered activated carbon.
36. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein a peak oxidation rate of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 20% lower than a peak oxidation rate of the powdered activated carbon.
37. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein a peak oxidation rate of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 30% lower than a peak oxidation rate of the powdered activated carbon.
38. A method for sequestering contaminants from a flue gas stream comprising:
receiving a flue gas stream comprising contaminants, the contaminants comprising at least mercury;
injecting a particulate activated carbon sorbent composition into the flue gas stream to sequester at least a portion of the contaminants with the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition; and
capturing at least a portion of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition in a particulate collection device,
wherein the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition comprises powdered activated carbon having a median particle size of not greater than about 30 μm, a particle density of at least about 0.4 g/cc, a total pore volume of at least about 0.2 cc/g, and a ratio of micropore volume to mesopore volume of at least about 0.7 and no more than about 1.5; and a passivation agent comprising a sulfur oxide compound comprising an anion defined by a formula S x O 7 2− , where x=2 and y=3, 4, 5, 6, or 8.
39. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the particulate collection device selected from a baghouse, an electrostatic precipitator, and combinations thereof.
40. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the sulfur oxide compound comprises a cation that is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium, zinc, iron, copper, nickel, titanium, manganese, aluminum, and vanadium.
41. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein a specific enthalpy of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 20% lower than a specific enthalpy of the powdered activated carbon, and wherein a peak oxidation rate of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 20% lower than a peak oxidation rate of the powdered activated carbon.
42. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition comprises between about 0.1 wt. % and about 20 wt. % of the sulfur oxide compound.
43. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the powdered activated carbon has a median particle size of not greater than about 20 μm and wherein the particle density is not greater than about 0.9 g/cc.
44. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition comprises not greater than about 10 wt. % of the sulfur oxide compound.
45. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition comprises not greater than about 5 wt. % of the sulfur oxide compound.
46. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein a specific enthalpy of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 10% lower than a specific enthalpy of the powdered activated carbon, and wherein a peak oxidation rate of the particulate activated carbon sorbent composition is at least about 10% lower than a peak oxidation rate of the powdered activated carbon.
47. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the sulfur oxide compound is sodium thiosulfate.
48. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the sulfur oxide compound is ammonium persulfate.
49. The method recited in claim 38 , wherein the sulfur oxide compound comprises a cation that is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a nitrogen-containing compound, and a cation.
50. The method recited in claim 49 , wherein the cation is hydrogen.
51. The method recited in claim 49 , wherein the cation is a nitrogen-containing compound.
52. The method recited in claim 49 , wherein the cation is an alkaline earth metal.
53. The method recited in claim 49 , wherein the cation is an alkali metal.
54. The method recited in claim 49 , wherein the cation is a transition metal.