Polymeric substrates with attached thiocarbonylthio-containing groups
First articles with covalently attached thiocarbonylthio-containing groups are provided. More specifically, the first articles are a functionalized substrate that contains a solid polymeric substrate with a plurality of thiocarbonylthio-containing groups covalently attached directly to carbon atoms in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate. Methods of making the first articles with covalently attached thiocarbonylthio-containing groups are provided. Additionally, second articles and methods of using the first articles to generate second articles with covalently attached polymeric chains are provided.
1. A method of making a first article comprising a functionalized substrate, the method comprising:
providing a solid polymeric substrate;
generating free radicals on a surface of the solid polymeric substrate to form a treated substrate; and
reacting the free radicals of the treated substrate with a fluid comprising a thiocarbonylthio-containing compound to covalently bond a plurality of thiocarbonylthio-containing groups directly to carbon atoms in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate and forming the functionalized substrate.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein generating free radicals on the surface of the solid polymeric substrate comprises:
applying a coating layer comprising a type II photoinitiator to the surface of the solid polymeric substrate; and
irradiating the coating layer with ultraviolet radiation to abstract hydrogen atoms from the solid polymeric substrate to form the treated substrate.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the thiocarbonylthio-containing compound is present when generating free radicals on the surface of the solid polymeric substrate.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein generating free radicals on the surface of the solid polymeric substrate to form the treated substrate comprises exposing the solid polymeric substrate to electron beam radiation, gamma radiation, or to a plasma.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the thiocarbonylthio-containing compound is absent when generating free radicals on the surface of the solid polymeric substrate.
6. A first article comprising a functionalized substrate, the functionalized substrate comprising a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising:
a) a treated substrate comprising a solid polymeric substrate having free radicals; and
b) a fluid comprising a thiocarbonylthio-containing compound, wherein the functionalized substrate has a plurality of thiocarbonylthio-containing groups directly and covalently attached to carbon atoms in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate.
7. The article of claim 6 , wherein the solid polymeric substrate is free of thiocarbonylthio-containing groups.
8. The article of claim 6 , wherein the reaction mixture is free of monomers.
9. The article of claim 6 , wherein the solid polymeric substrate is porous.
10. The article of claim 6 , wherein the thiocarbonylthio-containing groups are of formula —S—C(═S)—R 1 wherein
group R 1 is an alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkenyloxy or —N(R 4 ) 2 ; and
each R 4 is an alkyl or two adjacent R 4 groups are combined with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a first heterocyclic ring having 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, the first heterocyclic ring being saturated or unsaturated and optionally fused to one or more second rings that are carbocyclic or heterocyclic.
11. The article of claim 10 , wherein R 1 is an alkoxy.
12. The article of claim 10 , wherein R 1 is of formula —N(R 4 ) 2 and R 4 is an alkyl.
13. A method of making a second article having attached polymeric chains, the method comprising;
providing a solid polymeric substrate;
generating free radicals on a surface of the solid polymeric substrate to form a treated substrate;
reacting the free radicals of the treated substrate with a fluid comprising a thiocarbonylthio-containing compound to covalently bond a plurality of thiocarbonylthio-containing groups directly and covalently to the solid polymeric substrate and forming a functionalized substrate;
preparing a reaction mixture by contacting the functionalized substrate with a monomer composition comprising radically polymerizable monomers; and
exposing the reaction mixture to actinic radiation and forming a polymeric chain directly and covalently attached to carbon atoms in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate, the polymeric chains being a polymerized product of the radically polymerizable monomer.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein at least some of the polymeric chains are terminated with a thiol group or a thiocarbonylthio-containing group.
15. An article comprising a solid polymeric substrate and polymeric chains attached directly and covalently to carbon atoms in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate, wherein the polymeric chains comprise a polymerized product of a radically polymerizable monomer composition and wherein at least some of the polymeric chains are terminated by a thiol or a thiocarbonylthio-containing group.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thiocarbonylthio-containing groups are of formula —S—C(═S)—R 1 wherein
group R 1 is an alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkenyloxy or —N(R 4 ) 2 ; and
each R 4 is an alkyl or two adjacent R 4 groups are combined with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a first heterocyclic ring having 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, the first heterocyclic ring being saturated or unsaturated and optionally fused to one or more second rings that are carbocyclic or heterocyclic.