Polymeric substrates with attached polymeric chains

1. An article comprising a plurality of polymeric chains grafted to a solid polymeric substrate, the article being a reaction product of a reaction composition after exposure to actinic radiation, the reaction composition comprising:

a) the solid polymeric substrate having a plurality of thiocarbonylthio-containing groups, wherein each thiocarbonylthio-containing group is covalently bonded directly to a carbon atom in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate; and

b) a radically polymerizable monomer composition comprising a first monomer, the first monomer having (a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated group, (b) at least one ligand functional group that is an acidic group, basic group, or salt thereof, and (c) a spacer group that directly links the at least one ethylenically unsaturated group and the at least one ligand functional group by a chain having at least six catenated atoms; and

wherein the reaction product after exposure to actinic radiation comprises a plurality of grafted polymeric chains comprising monomeric units derived from the first monomer, each polymeric chain being covalently attached directly to a carbon atom in the polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate and wherein at least some of the grafted polymeric chains are terminated by a thiol or by a thiocarbonylthio-containing group covalently attached to a terminal carbon atom of a terminal monomeric unit in the polymeric chain.

2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the thiocarbonylthio-containing groups are of formula —S—C(═S)—R 1 wherein

group R 1 in the thiocarbonylthio-containing group is selected to be an alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkenyloxy or N(R 4 ) 2 ; and

each R 4 is an alkyl or two adjacent R 4 groups are combined with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a first heterocyclic ring having 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, the first heterocyclic ring being saturated or unsaturated and optionally fused to one or more second rings that are carbocyclic or heterocyclic.

3. The article of claim 1 , wherein the first monomer is of Formula (IV):

CH 2 —CR 21 —C(═O)—X 1 —R 22 —[Z—R 22 ] n -L  (IV)

wherein

R 21 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof;

R 22 is a (hetero)hydrocarbylene;

X 1 is O or NR 23 ;

R 23 is selected from hydrogen or hydrocarbyl;

Z is heterohydrocarbylene including at least one hydrogen bond donor, at least one hydrogen bond acceptor, or a combination thereof;

n is an integer of 0 or 1; and

L is a ligand functional group comprising an acidic group, a basic group, or salt thereof.

4. The article of claim 3 , wherein n is equal to 1, Z is C(═O)—X 2 where X 2 is oxy or NR 23 , and the first monomer of Formula (IV) is of Formula (IV-1)

CH 2 ═CR 21 —C(═O)—NH—R 22 —C(═O)—X 2 —R 22 -L   (IV-1).

5. The article of claim 3 , wherein n is equal to 1, Z is NH—C(═O)—X 2 where X 2 is oxy or NR 23 , and the first monomer of Formula (IV) is of Formula (IV-2)

CH 2 ═CR 21 —C(═O)—X 1 —R 22 —NH—C(═O)—X 2 —R 22 -L   (IV-2).

6. The article of claim 3 , wherein n is equal to 1, Z is C(═O)—NR 23 , X 1 is NR 23 , L is of formula NR 24 —[C(═NR 24 )—NR 24 ] m R 25 where m is 1 or 2, R 24 is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, R 25 is hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, or N(R 24 ) 2 , and the first monomer is of Formula (IV-3)

CH 2 ═CR 21 —C(═O)—NH—R 22 —C(═O)—NR 23 —R 22 —NR 24 —[C(═NR 24 )—NR 24 ] m R 25    (IV-3).

7. The article of claim 3 , wherein n is equal to 1, Z is

NH—C(═O)—NR 23 , L is of formula NR 24 —[C(—NR 24 )—NR 24 ] m R 25 where m is 1 or 2, R 24 is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, R 25 is hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, or N(R 24 ) 2 , and the first monomer of Formula (IV) is of Formula (IV-4)

CH 2 ═CR 21 —C(═O)—X 1 —R 22 —NH—C(═O)—NR 23 —R 22 —NR 24 —[C(═NR 24 )—NR 24 ] m —R 25    (IV-4).

8. The article of claim 7 , wherein the solid polymeric substrate is porous.

9. The article of claim 1 , wherein the solid polymeric substrate is a membrane or non-woven substrate.

10. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article is a reaction product of a functionalized substrate having thiocarbonylthio-containing groups directly and covalently attached to the solid polymeric substrate with the radically polymerizable monomer composition.

11. An article comprising a plurality of polymeric chains grafted to a solid polymeric substrate, the article being a reaction product of a reaction composition after exposure to actinic radiation, the reaction composition comprising:

a) a solid polymeric substrate having a plurality of thiocarbonylthio-containing groups, wherein each thiocarbonylthio-containing group is covalently bonded directly to a carbon atom in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate, wherein each thiocarbonylthio-containing group that is covalently bonded to the solid polymeric substrate is of formula

wherein

R 1 is an alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkenyloxy or N(R 4 ) 2 ; and

each R 4 is an alkyl or two adjacent R 4 groups are combined with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a first heterocyclic ring having 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, the first heterocyclic ring being saturated or unsaturated and optionally fused to one or more second rings that are carbocyclic or heterocyclic; and

an asterisk (*) shows the attachment site to a carbon atom in the polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate; and

b) a radically polymerizable monomer composition comprising a first monomer, the first monomer being of Formula (IV)

CH 2 ═CR 21 —C(═O)—X 1 —R 22 —[Z—R 22 ] n -L   (IV)

wherein

R 21 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof;

R 22 is a (hetero)hydrocarbylene;

X 1 is O or NR 23 ;

R 23 is selected from hydrogen or hydrocarbyl;

Z is heterohydrocarbylene including at least one hydrogen bond donor, at least one hydrogen bond acceptor, or a combination thereof;

n is an integer of 0 or 1; and

L is a ligand functional group comprising an acidic group, a basic group, or salt thereof; and

wherein the reaction product after exposure to actinic radiation comprises a plurality of grafted polymeric chains comprising monomeric units derived from the first monomer, each polymeric chain being covalently attached directly to a carbon atom in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate and wherein at least some of the grafted polymeric chains are terminated by a thiol or by a thiocarbonylthio-containing group, wherein the thiol or the thiocarbonylthio-containing group is covalently attached to a terminal carbon atom of a terminal monomeric unit in the polymeric chain.

12. An article comprising

a) a solid polymeric substrate; and

b) a plurality of polymeric chains being covalently attached directly to a carbon atom in a polymeric backbone of the solid polymeric substrate, wherein each polymeric chain comprises monomeric units derived from a first monomer of Formula (IV)

CH 2 —CR 21 —C(═O)—X 1 —R 22 —[Z—R 22 ] n -L   (IV)

wherein

R 21 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof;

R 22 is a (hetero)hydrocarbylene;

X 1 is O or NR 23 ;

R 23 is selected from hydrogen or hydrocarbyl;

Z is heterohydrocarbylene including at least one hydrogen bond donor, at least one hydrogen bond acceptor, or a combination thereof;

n is an integer of 0 or 1; and

L is a ligand functional group comprising an acidic group, a basic group, or salt thereof; and wherein at least some of the grafted polymeric chains are terminated by a thiol or by a thiocarbonylthio-containing group, wherein the thiol or the thiocarbonylthio-containing group is covalently attached to a terminal carbon atom of a terminal monomeric unit in the polymeric chain.