Electrocatalyst
An electrocatalyst material having improved stability to corrosion compared to existing conductive high surface area carbon and metal carbide support materials is disclosed. The electrocatalyst material comprises (i) metal carbide nanotubes and (ii) a metal or metal alloy deposited on the metal carbide nanotubes. The electrocatalyst material is suitable for oxidising hydrogen, reducing oxygen or evolving hydrogen.
1. An electrocatalyst material, the electrocatalyst material comprising:
metal carbide nanotubes comprising metal carbide and less than 5 wt % carbon; and,
(ii) a metal or metal alloy deposited on the metal carbide nanotubes.
2. The electrocatalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the metal carbide nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of Group IV metal, Group V metal and Group VI metal carbide nanotubes.
3. The electrocatalyst material according to claim 2 , wherein the metal carbide nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten carbide nanotubes.
4. The electrocatalyst material according to claim 3 , wherein the metal carbide nanotubes are niobium carbide nanotubes.
5. The electrocatalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the metal or metal alloy comprises a primary metal suitably selected from
(i) the platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium),
(ii) gold or silver,
(iii) a base metal.
6. The electrocatalyst material according to claim 5 , wherein the primary metal is platinum.
7. The electrocatalyst material according to claim 6 , wherein the platinum is alloyed with one or more other platinum group metals, gold, silver or a base metal.
8. An electrocatalyst ink comprising an electrocatalyst material according to claim 1 .
9. A catalyst layer, the catalyst layer comprising an electrocatalyst material according to claim 1 .
10. A process for the preparation of an electrocatalyst material according to claim 1 , said process comprising the steps of:
(i) electrospinning a suitable metal precursor in the presence of a carrier polymer to form electrospun structures;
(ii) calcination of the electrospun structures to remove the carrier polymer and form a metal oxide electrospun structures;
(iii) carburation to convert the metal oxide electrospun structures into metal carbide nanotubes; and
(iv) deposition of a metal or metal alloy onto the metal carbide nanotubes.
11. An electrocatalyst material comprising:
(i) metal carbide nanotubes comprising metal carbide and less than 5 wt % carbon; and
(ii) a metal or metal alloy deposited on the metal carbide nanotubes;
wherein the electrocatalyst material is obtainable by a process according to claim 10 .
12. A process for making metal carbide nanotubes, said process comprising the steps of:
(i) electrospinning a suitable metal precursor in the presence of a carrier polymer to form electrospun structures;
(ii) calcination of the electrospun structures to remove the carrier polymer and form a metal oxide electrospun structures; and
(iii) carburation to convert the metal oxide electrospun structures into metal carbide nanotubes comprising metal carbide and less than 5 wt % carbon.
13. Metal carbide nanotubes that are produced by a process comprising:
(i) electrospinning a suitable metal precursor in the presence of a carrier polymer to form electrospun structures;
(ii) calcination of the electrospun structures to remove the carrier polymer and form metal oxide electrospun structures;
(iii) carburation to convert the metal oxide electrospun structures into the metal carbide nanotubes comprising metal carbide and less than 5 wt % carbon.