Electrode-forming composition

1. An electrochemical device being a secondary battery comprising:

a positive electrode,

a negative electrode, and

between said positive electrode and said negative electrode, a membrane, wherein:

A) at least one of said positive electrode and said negative electrode is an electrode obtainable by a process, said process comprising:

(i) providing a metal substrate;

(ii) providing an electrode-forming composition (C1) comprising:

at least one polymer (FF), wherein polymer (FF) is a partially fluorinated fluoropolymer comprising linear sequences of recurring units derived from at least one fluorinated monomer and at least one functional hydrogenated monomer comprising at least one carboxylic acid end group,

at least one electro-active compound (EA),

at least one liquid medium (L) comprising at least one organic carbonate or at least one ionic liquid, and

at least one metal salt (M);

(iii) applying the composition provided in step (ii) onto the metal substrate provided in step (i) thereby providing an assembly comprising a metal substrate coated with at least one layer consisting of said composition (C1); and

(iv) drying the assembly provided in step (iii);

wherein said electrode comprises:

the metal substrate, and

directly adhered onto said metal substrate, at least one laver (L1) consisting of a composition (C2) comprising:

at least one partially fluorinated fluoropolymer (FF) comprising linear sequences of recurring units derived from at least one fluorinated monomer and at least one functional hydrogenated monomer comprising at least one carboxylic acid end group,

at least one electroactive compound (EA),

at least one liquid medium (L) comprising at least one organic carbonate or at least one ionic liquid, and

at least one metal salt (M),

B) the membrane comprises a fluoropolymer hybrid organic/inorganic composite, said fluoropolymer hybrid organic/inorganic composite being obtained by a process comprising hydrolysing and/or condensing a composition comprising:

at least one partially fluorinated fluoropolymer,

at least one metal compound (M1) of formula (IV):

X 4-m AY m   (IV)

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 4, A is a metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti and Zr, Y is a hydrolysable group and X is a hydrocarbon group, optionally comprising one or more functional groups,

at least one ionic liquid, and

at least one metal salt (M).

2. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein in composition (C1) the polymer (FF) is a polymer (FF-I) comprising recurring units derived from vinylidene fluoride (VDF), at least one functional hydrogenated monomer comprising at least one carboxylic acid end group and, optionally, at least one fluorinated monomer different from VDF.

3. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein in composition (C1) the functional hydrogenated monomer comprising at least one carboxylic acid end group is selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic monomers of formula (I):

wherein each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 , equal to or different from each other, is independently a hydrogen atom or a C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbon group.

4. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein in composition (C1) the polymer (FF) comprises at least 0.01% by moles, of recurring units derived from at least one functional hydrogenated monomer comprising at least one carboxylic acid end group.

5. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein the composition (C1) comprises at least 40% by weight of medium (L), based on the total weight of said medium (L) and polymer (FF).

6. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of salt (M) in medium (L) is at least 0.01 M.

7. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of salt (M) in medium (L) is at most 3M.

8. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein the salt (M) is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) MeI, Me(PF 6 ) n , Me(BF 4 ) n , Me(ClO 4 ) n , Me(bis(oxalato)borate) n (“Me(BOB) n ”), MeCF 3 SO 3 , Me[N(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ] n , Me[N(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 ] n , Me[N(CF 3 SO 2 )(R F SO 2 )] n , wherein R F is C 2 F 5 , C 4 F 9 or CF 3 OCF 2 CF 2 , Me(AsF 6 ) n , Me[C(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 ] n , Me 2 Sn, wherein Me is a metal, and n is the valence of said metal,

(b)

wherein R′ F is selected from the group consisting of F, CF 3 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, C 2 F 4 , C 2 H 2 F 3 , C 2 H 3 F 2 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , C 3 H 2 F 5 , C 3 H 4 F 3 , C 4 F 9 , C 4 H 2 F 7 , C 4 H 4 F 5 , C 5 F 11 , C 3 F 5 OCF 3 , C 2 F 4 OCF 3 , C 2 H 2 F 2 OCF 3 and CF 2 OCF 3 , and

(c) combinations thereof.

9. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein composition (C1) is applied onto the metal substrate by at least one method selected from casting, printing and roll coating.

10. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein the membrane comprises a fluoropolymer hybrid organic/inorganic composite, at least one liquid medium (L) and at least one metal salt (M) said fluoropolymer hybrid organic/inorganic composite being obtained by a process comprising hydrolysing and/or condensing a composition comprising:

at least one partially fluorinated fluoropolymer comprising recurring units derived from at least one functional hydrogenated monomer comprising at least one hydroxyl endgroup,

at least one metal compound (M2) of formula (V):

X′ 4-m ′A′Y′ m′   (V)

wherein m′ is an integer from 1 to 3, A′ is a metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti and Zr, Y′ is a hydrolysable group and X′ is a hydrocarbon group comprising at least one —N═C═O functional group,

optionally, at least one metal compound (M1) of formula (IV):

X 4-m AY m   (IV)

wherein m is an integer from 1 to 4, A is a metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti and Zr, Y is a hydrolysable group and X is a hydrocarbon group, optionally comprising one or more functional groups,

at least one liquid medium (L), and

at least one metal salt (M).

11. The electrochemical device according to claim 4 , wherein in composition C1 the polymer (FF) comprises at least 0.05% by moles of recurring units derived from at least one functional hydrogenated monomer comprising at least one carboxylic acid end group.

12. The electrochemical device according to claim 11 , wherein in composition C1 the polymer (FF) comprises at least 0.1% by moles of recurring units derived from at least one functional hydrogenated monomer comprising at least one carboxylic acid end group.

13. The electrochemical device according to claim 6 , wherein the concentration of salt (M) in medium (L) is at least 0.025 M.

14. The electrochemical device according to claim 7 , wherein the concentration of salt (M) in medium (L) is at most 2 M.

15. The electrochemical device according to claim 14 , wherein the concentration of salt (M) in medium (L) is at least at least 0.05 M and at most 1 M.