Treatment and prevention of muscle loss using L-ornithine in combination with at least one of phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate

1. A method of treating a condition of muscle loss, comprising administering ornithine in combination with at least one of phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate to a subject suffering from a condition of muscle loss, and thereby relieving the muscle loss condition.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has received liver transplantation.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is going to receive liver transplantation.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining muscle weight, muscle circumference, lean muscle, body weight, ammonia level, function(s) of one or more liver enzymes, fat mass, lean mass, brain water content, locomotor activity, protein synthesis rate, or any combination thereof of the subject.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more liver enzymes comprise albumin, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, phosphatase alkaline, or any combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the brain water content is frontal cortex water content.

7. The method of claim 1 , at least one symptom of the condition of muscle loss is skeletal muscle loss or muscle mass loss.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition of muscle loss is caused by aging, disease, injury, inactivity, or any combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition of muscle loss is sarcopenia, muscle atrophy, cachexia, muscular dystrophy, or any combination thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is suffering from chronic liver disease.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the chronic liver disease is cirrhosis.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treatment of the condition comprises reducing blood ammonia, directly improving muscle metabolism, or a combination thereof.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein separate pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the ornithine and at least one of phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate are administered to the subject.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one of phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate is administered as a sodium phenylacetate or sodium phenylbutyrate.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ornithine is administered as a free monomeric amino acid or physiologically acceptable salt thereof.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ornithine and phenylacetate is administered as ornithine phenylacetate.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the administration is oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intragastric, or intravascular administration.