Surface-wave antenna, antenna array and use of an antenna or an antenna array

1. Antenna designed to emit and/or receive surface waves with a decametric, hectometric or kilometric central wavelength λ 0 , comprising:

at least one horizontal wire aerial element of between 0.5 λ 0 and λ 0 in length,

an imperfect conducting medium comprising a terrestrial or an aquatic medium and having a substantially horizontal surface;

at least three vertical wire aerial elements of the same length between 0.03 λ 0 and 0.1 λ0, arranged in a same plane and each comprising an upper end and a lower end, said upper ends being connected to the horizontal wire aerial element, said lower ends being connected to said imperfect conducting medium;

wherein:

the upper ends of at least two vertical wire aerial elements are respectively connected to a first end and to a second end of the horizontal wire aerial element, and

the upper end of a vertical wire aerial element, called central element, is connected to the horizontal wire aerial element in its centre, the central element also being connected to a device for feeding the antenna.

2. Antenna according to claim 1 , comprising at least two horizontal wire aerial elements each connected to at least two vertical wire aerial elements and to the central element.

3. Antenna according to claim 2 , wherein at least two horizontal wire aerial elements are of the same length, arranged side by side and at a same distance from the conducting medium.

4. Antenna according to claim 2 , wherein at least two horizontal wire aerial elements are parallel, of different lengths, arranged one above the other at a different distance from the conducting medium.

5. Antenna according to claim 1 , comprising lumped elements of the resistive, capacitive and/or inductive type designed to form current traps on the antenna.

6. Antenna array, comprising at least two antennas according to claim 1 , said antennas forming a line of antennas so that at least one horizontal wire aerial element of each antenna is perpendicular to a plane of alignment.

7. Antenna array according to claim 6 , comprising at least two lines of antennas whose alignment planes are parallel, one horizontal aerial element of each antenna from a line being aligned with a horizontal aerial element of an antenna from at least one other line.

8. Method of emitting/receiving surface waves so said surface waves propagate along a medium, comprising providing at least one antenna array according to claim 6 , wherein each antenna of said antenna array is connected to a terrestrial or aquatic conducting medium.

9. Method of emitting/receiving surface waves so said surface waves propagate along a medium, comprising providing at least one antenna according to claim 1 , wherein said antenna is connected to a terrestrial or aquatic conducting medium.

10. Antenna designed to emit and/or receive surface waves with a decametric, hectometric or kilometric central wavelength λ0, comprising:

at least one horizontal wire aerial element of between 0.5 λ0 and λ0 in length,

at least three vertical wire aerial elements of the same length between 0.03 λ0 and 0.1 λ0, arranged in a same plane and each comprising an upper end and a lower end, said upper ends being connected to the horizontal wire aerial element, said lower ends being connected to a conducting medium having a substantially horizontal surface,

wherein the upper ends of at least two vertical wire aerial elements are respectively connected to a first end and to a second end of the horizontal wire aerial element,

wherein the upper end of a vertical wire aerial element, called central element, is connected to the horizontal wire aerial element in its centre, the central element also being connected to a device for feeding the antenna,

wherein the at least one horizontal wire aerial elements comprises at least two horizontal wire aerial elements each connected to at least two vertical wire aerial elements and to the central element, and

wherein the at least two horizontal wire aerial elements are of the same length, arranged side by side and at a same distance from the conducting medium.

11. Antenna array, comprising at least two antennas according to claim 10 , said antennas forming a line of antennas so that at least one horizontal wire aerial element of each antenna is perpendicular to a plane of alignment.

12. Antenna designed to emit and/or receive surface waves with a decametric, hectometric or kilometric central wavelength λ0, comprising:

at least one horizontal wire aerial element of between 0.5 λ0 and λ0 in length,

at least three vertical wire aerial elements of the same length between 0.03 λ0 and 0.1 λ0, arranged in a same plane and each comprising an upper end and a lower end, said upper ends being connected to the horizontal wire aerial element, said lower ends being connected to a conducting medium having a substantially horizontal surface, and

lumped elements of the resistive, capacitive and/or inductive type designed to form current traps on the antenna,

wherein the upper ends of at least two vertical wire aerial elements are respectively connected to a first end and to a second end of the horizontal wire aerial element,

wherein the upper end of a vertical wire aerial element, called central element, is connected to the horizontal wire aerial element in its centre, the central element also being connected to a device for feeding the antenna.

13. Antenna array, comprising at least two antennas according to claim 12 , said antennas forming a line of antennas so that at least one horizontal wire aerial element of each antenna is perpendicular to a plane of alignment.