Fuel formulation
A gasoline fuel formulation which contains 60% v/v or more of a combination of (a) a biologically-derived alcohol and (b) a mixture of C 4 to C 12 hydrocarbon fuel components, all of which hydrocarbon fuel components have been derived, whether directly or indirectly, from catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component, wherein the concentration of the alcohol (a) in the formulation is from 0.1 to 30% v/v.
1. A gasoline fuel formulation comprising: 60% v/v or more of a combination of
(a) a biologically-derived alcohol at a concentration of from 0.1% to 30% v/v, by volume of the gasoline fuel formulation; and
(b) a mixture of C4 to C12 hydrocarbon fuel components comprising
aromatic hydrocarbons, wherein the mixture of C4 to C12 hydrocarbon fuel components are derived from a catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component comprising a C 1 +O 1-3 .
2. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1 , further comprising less than 30% v/v of a non-biologically-derived fuel component.
3. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the biologically-derived alcohol comprises one or more of ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and t-butanol.
4. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of C 4 to C 12 hydrocarbon fuel components further comprises:
(1) a high octane hydrocarbon fuel component, comprising one or more hydrocarbons selected from C 5 to C 12 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which is the product of a catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component, and which contains in the range of from 40 to 80% v/v of aromatic hydrocarbons; and
(2) one or more of:
a. a low octane hydrocarbon fuel component, comprising one or more hydrocarbons selected from C 5 to C 10 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which is the product of a catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component, and which contains in the range of from 75% to 100% v/v of paraffinic hydrocarbons and in the range of from 0% v/v to 20% v/v of aromatic hydrocarbons,
b. a high octane isomerised hydrocarbon fuel component, comprising one or more biologically-derived hydrocarbons selected from C 5 and C 6 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which contains 60% v/v or more of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons and saturated cyclic hydrocarbons and 5% v/v or less of aromatic hydrocarbons, and
c. a C 4 hydrocarbon fuel component which comprises a biologically-derived C 4 hydrocarbon or mixture thereof.
5. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 4 , wherein the gasoline fuel formulation comprises each of the components (1), (2a), (2b) and (2c).
6. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic conversion of the biologically-derived oxygenate component comprises an aqueous phase reforming (APR) process.
7. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 4 , wherein the catalytic conversion of the biologically-derived oxygenate component comprises a catalytic condensation to form the high octane hydrocarbon fuel component.
8. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 4 , wherein the catalytic conversion of the biologically-derived oxygenate component comprises dehydration, oligomerisation and/or hydrotreatment to form the low octane hydrocarbon fuel component.
9. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the biologically-derived alcohol is selected from C 1 to C 4 aliphatic alcohols.
10. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the biologically-derived alcohol in the fuel formulation is from 5% to 30% v/v, by volume of the gasoline fuel formulation.
11. A method for producing a gasoline fuel formulation, which method comprises combining together:
(a) a biologically-derived alcohol at a concentration of from 0.1% to 30% v/v, by volume of the gasoline fuel formulation; and
(b) a mixture of C 4 to C 12 hydrocarbon fuel components comprising aromatic hydrocarbons wherein the mixture of C 4 to C 12 hydrocarbon fuel components are derived from catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component comprising a C 1 +O 1-3 , in order to produce a gasoline fuel formulation that contains 60% v/v or more of the combination of (a) and (b) and from 0.1 to 30% v/v of the biologically-derived alcohol (a).
12. The method of claim 11 , comprising:
(i) subjecting a biologically-derived oxygenate component, optionally following a catalytic deoxygenation process, to a catalytic condensation process in order to produce either a high octane hydrocarbon fuel component (1) comprising one or more hydrocarbons selected from C5 to C12 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which contains in the range of from 40 to 80% v/v or a precursor thereto which additionally contains one or more C4 hydrocarbons;
(ii) subjecting a biologically-derived oxygenate component, optionally following a catalytic deoxygenation process, to a dehydration, oligomerisation and/or hydrotreatment process in order to produce the low octane hydrocarbon fuel component (2a) comprising one or more hydrocarbons selected from C5 to C10 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which contains in the range of from 75% to 100% v/v of paraffinic hydrocarbons and in the range of from 0% v/v to 20% v/v of aromatic hydrocarbons; and
(iii) mixing together the component (1) which results from step (i) and the component (2a) which results from step (ii), either before, after or at the same time as combining them with the biologically-derived alcohol (a).
13. A method of operating an internal combustion engine, and/or a vehicle which is driven by an internal combustion engine, which method involves introducing into a combustion chamber of the engine a gasoline fuel formulation according to claim 1 .