Metal nitride or oxynitride cathode materials for lithium sulfur batteries
Provided are electrode active materials that include a metal oxide or oxynitride with a porous structure that when loaded with sulfur serve as electrochemically superior cathode active materials. The metal nitride or metal oxynitride structures are optionally used on their own, are coated with another material, or itself coats another porous structure such as a porous carbon structure that allows for excellent retention of both sulfur and polysulfides, are conductive themselves, and show long term stability and excellent cycle life.
1. An electrochemically active material comprising:
an electrically conductive porous structure comprising a metal nitride or metal oxynitride, said structure infiltrated with sulfur such that the sulfur is encapsulated into pores of the metal nitride or metal oxynitride of the porous structure, wherein said metal nitride or metal oxynitride is electrically conductive having an electrical conductivity of greater than 10 4 S/cm.
2. The material of claim 1 wherein said metal nitride or metal oxynitride comprises Ti, Si, Cr, Fe, B, V, Mo, W, Zr, Co, Ni, Nb, or combinations thereof.
3. The material of claim 1 further comprising a binder wherein said binder comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene difluoride, latex binder, carboxymethylcellulose, poly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, or combinations thereof.
4. The material of claim 1 further comprising one or more electrically conductive fillers.
5. The material of claim 4 wherein said electrically conductive filler comprises carbon.
6. The material of claim 5 wherein said carbon is carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, synthetic graphite including expanded graphite, graphite nanosheet, graphite nanoplatelet, graphene sheet, non-synthetic graphite (including natural graphite and coke), graphitized carbon nano-fiber, or combinations thereof.
7. The material of claim 1 wherein said metal nitride or metal oxynitride mixes with a porous carbon.
8. The material of claim 7 wherein said composite structure contains 0.01 weight percent to 90 weight percent of said porous carbon.
9. An electrochemically active material comprising:
an electrically conductive porous structure comprising a metal nitride or metal oxynitride, said metal nitride or metal oxynitride is electrically conductive having an electrical conductivity of greater than 10 4 S/cm, said structure infiltrated with sulfur such that the sulfur is encapsulated into pores of the metal nitride or metal oxynitride of the porous structure, wherein said metal nitride or metal oxynitride further comprises an additive coating at least a portion of the surface of said metal nitride or metal oxynitride.
10. The material of claim 9 wherein said additive is a nitriding agent.
11. The material of claim 9 wherein said additive is an organic molecule.
12. The material of claim 11 wherein said additive is capable of forming a carbon nitride structure.
13. The material of claim 9 wherein said additive is cyanamide.
14. The material of claim 1 wherein said metal nitride or metal oxynitride is coated onto the surface of a porous scaffold material.
15. The material of claim 14 wherein said porous scaffold material comprises carbon.
16. The material of claim 14 wherein said porous scaffold material is in the form of a microporous sphere, mesoporous nanoparticle, porous hollow carbon, graphene oxide sheet, porous carbon nanofiber, hollow carbon fiber, metal foam, metal mesh, or combinations thereof.
17. An electrochemically active material comprising:
an electrically conductive porous structure comprising a metal nitride or metal oxynitride, said metal nitride or metal oxynitride is electrically conductive having an electrical conductivity of greater than 10 4 S/cm, said structure infiltrated with sulfur such that the sulfur is encapsulated into pores of the metal nitride or metal oxynitride of the porous structure, wherein said metal nitride or metal oxynitride structure serves as a core, and
the material further comprising a coating on the core, the coating optionally comprising a metal nitride or oxynitride that differs from the core.
18. The material of claim 17 wherein the core comprises titanium nitride or oxynitride.
19. The material of claim 18 wherein the core comprises titanium nitride or oxynitride and the coating comprises vanadium.
20. The material of claim 1 wherein the metal nitride or metal oxynitride is coated onto a porous host material to form a nitride host material, optionally where the porous host material is a porous carbon host material.