Compatibilizers for polymer-nanocellulose composites
This disclosure provides a polymer composite including a polymer, nanocellulose, and a compatibilizer, wherein the nanocellulose comprises cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils, and wherein the compatibilizer comprises a maleated polymer. In some embodiments, the nanocellulose includes lignin-coated nanocellulose. The polymer may be selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polylactide, or poly(ethylene terephthalate). The maleated polymer may be selected from maleated polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, maleated polystyrene, maleated polylactide, or maleated poly(ethylene terephthalate. Other variations provide a process for compatibilizing a polymer with nanocellulose, comprising: providing a polymer; providing nanocellulose comprising cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils; providing a maleated polymer; and combining the polymer, the nanocellulose, and the maleated polymer, wherein the maleated polymer functions as a compatibilizer between the polymer and the nanocellulose.
1. A polymer composite including a first polymer, nanocellulose, and a compatibilizer, wherein said nanocellulose comprises cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils, wherein said nanocellulose includes hydrophobic, lignin-coated nanocellulose, and wherein said compatibilizer comprises a maleated polymer that is distinct from said first polymer.
2. The polymer composite of claim 1 , wherein said first polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polylactide, poly(ethylene terephthalate), and combinations thereof.
3. The polymer composite of claim 1 , wherein said maleated polymer is selected from the group consisting of maleated polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, maleated polystyrene, maleated polylactide, maleated poly(ethylene terephthalate), and combinations thereof.
4. The polymer composite of claim 1 , where said first polymer is biomass-based, biodegradable, and/or compostable.
5. The polymer composite of claim 1 , where said maleated polymer is biomass-based, biodegradable, and/or compostable.
6. The polymer composite of claim 5 , wherein said maleated polymer is derived from maleic anhydride produced from biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
7. The polymer composite of claim 1 , wherein said polymer composite contains from about 0.01 wt % to about 99 wt % of said nanocellulose and from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt % of said maleated polymer, on the basis of total weight of said polymer composite.
8. A process for compatibilizing a polymer with nanocellulose, said process comprising:
(a) providing a polymer;
(b) providing nanocellulose comprising cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils, wherein said nanocellulose includes hydrophobic, lignin-coated nanocellulose;
(c) providing a maleated polymer; and
(d) combining said polymer, said nanocellulose, and said maleated polymer, wherein said maleated polymer functions as a compatibilizer between said polymer and said nanocellulose.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein said polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polylactide, poly(ethylene terephthalate), and combinations thereof.
10. The process of claim 8 , wherein said maleated polymer is selected from the group consisting of maleated polyethylene, maleated polypropylene, maleated polystyrene, maleated polylactide, maleated poly(ethylene terephthalate), and combinations thereof.
11. The process of claim 8 , wherein said maleated polymer includes a reacted form of maleic anhydride produced from biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
12. The process of claim 8 , wherein in step (d), said maleated polymer is present at a concentration from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of said polymer, said nanocellulose, and said maleated polymer.