Heterojunction perovskite photovoltaic devices and methods of making the same
An aspect of the present disclosures is a method that includes applying a perovskite precursor solution to a first solid conductor and treating the perovskite precursor solution such that a first portion of the perovskite precursor solution is converted to a first solid perovskite, where the first solid conductor comprises a first charge transport characteristic, which is predominantly p-type or predominantly n-type, and the treating results in the first solid perovskite having a second charge transport characteristic that is substantially the same as the first charge transport characteristic.
1. A method comprising:
applying a first solid conductor comprising nickel to a substrate;
applying a second solid conductor comprising titanium to the substrate such that a space is created between the first solid conductor and the second solid conductor;
oxidizing at least a portion of the nickel to form a p-type nickel oxide layer on the first solid conductor;
oxidizing at least a portion of the titanium to form an n-type titanium oxide layer on the second solid conductor;
depositing a film of a perovskite precursor solution on the nickel oxide and the titanium oxide and filling the space with the solution; and
treating the perovskite precursor solution such that the perovskite precursor solution is converted to a solid perovskite, wherein:
a first portion of the solid perovskite in contact with the p-type nickel oxide layer is converted to a p-type solid perovskite,
a second portion of the solid perovskite in contact with the n-type titanium oxide layer is converted to an n-type solid perovskite, and
a p-n junction is formed between the first portion and the second portion in the space.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
forming an additional solid on the solid perovskite, wherein:
the additional solid comprises at least one of a thermally insulating solid, an electrically insulating solid, a liquid barrier solid, or a gas barrier solid.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treating comprises thermally treating the perovskite precursor solution.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the thermally treating comprises heating the perovskite precursor solution to a temperature between about 30° C. and about 120° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the applying of the first solid conductor is performed by at least one of chemical solution deposition, spin coating, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, thermal evaporation, sputtering, or laser deposition.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the applying of the second solid conductor is performed by at least one of chemical solution deposition, spin coating, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, thermal evaporation, sputtering, or laser deposition.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the applying of the first solid conductor and the applying of the second solid conductor result in the first solid conductor and the second solid conductor being interdigitated.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a third portion of the solid perovskite comprises a perovskite having intrinsic characteristics.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the depositing is performed by at least one of a solution processing method or by a CVD method.