Gold-based catalyst for oxidative esterification of aldehydes to carboxylic acid esters

1. A catalyst particle; comprising:

oxygen;

silicon;

aluminum;

a basic element;

gold; and

iron, zinc, and/or cobalt,

wherein a maximum gold concentration or a maximum iron, zinc and/or cobalt concentration of the catalyst particle in an outer region which makes up a maximum of 60% of a geometric equivalent diameter is at least 1.5 times as high as a gold concentration or iron, zinc or cobalt concentration in a middle region which makes up the remaining region of the geometric equivalent diameter.

2. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the particle comprises oxygen, silicon, aluminum, a basic element, gold and cobalt.

3. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the basic element is an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a rare-earth metal or a mixture of one or more of these metals.

4. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst particle comprises, based on the total molar amount of gold, silicon, aluminum and basic elements, and iron, zinc and/or cobalt, 0.03 to 3 mol % of gold, 40 to 90 mol % of silicon, 3 to 40 mol % of aluminum, 2 to 40 mol % of the basic element and 0.1 to 20 mol % of iron, zinc and/or cobalt, where the molar ratio of iron, zinc and/or cobalt to gold is between 0.1 and 20 and all these elements except for the gold are present in the form of oxides.

5. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst particle has a mean geometric equivalent diameter between 10 and 250 μm, and the thickness of the outer region is between 2 and 100 sm.

6. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein gold and/or gold- and iron-, zinc- and/or cobalt oxide-containing particles have a mean diameter between 2 and 10 nm and are present in the outer region of the catalyst particle.

7. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the particles are porous and have a specific surface area between 100 and 300 m 2 /g, and an average pore diameter thereof is 1 to 50 nm.

8. The catalyst particle according to claim 7 , wherein the specific surface area of the catalyst particle is between 150 and 250 m 2 /g, and the average pore diameter is 2 to 20 nm.

9. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the outer region is between 2 and 100 μm.

10. A process for producing a catalyst particle according to claim 1 , comprising:

1) applying at least one iron, zinc and/or cobalt compound to a particle comprising an oxide of silicon, of aluminum and optionally of one or more alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or rare-earth metals,

2) optionally partly or fully oxidizing the material from 1) and optionally drying/calcining,

3) applying at least one gold compound to the material from 2) and

4) drying or calcining the material from 3).

11. The process according to claim 10 , wherein a cobalt compound is applied in 1).

12. The process according to claim 10 , wherein 2) comprises heating in the presence of oxygen or the addition of an oxidizing agent to an aqueous suspension of the particle from 1).

13. The process according to claim 12 , wherein 2) comprises a calcination in the presence of oxygen.

14. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the particle comprising the oxides of silicon, of aluminum and optionally of one or more alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or rare-earth metals goes through at least one thermal treatment with water within 1) to 3), the water temperature being between 50 and 100° C.

15. The process according to claim 14 , wherein the water temperature is between 70 and 95° C.

16. The process according to claim 10 , wherein 1), 3), and optionally 2) are conducted in an aqueous medium, and 1) and 3) are effected using a water-soluble cobalt compound or a water-soluble gold compound.

17. The process according to claim 10 , wherein in 3), first a basic solution and then a solution comprising auric acid, having a pH between 0.5 and 5, are added to an aqueous suspension of the particles from 2).

18. The process according to claim 10 , wherein in 3), a solution which has been obtained by the partial or complete neutralization of an auric acid solution, having a pH between 0.5 and 5, with a base is added to an aqueous suspension of the particles from 2).

19. A process for producing a carboxylic ester, comprising oxidatively esterifying an aldehyde in the presence of oxygen, an alcohol, and the catalyst particle according to claim 1 , to obtain a carboxylic ester.

20. The process of claim 19 , wherein the aldehyde is methacrolein and the obtained carboxylic ester is an alkyl methacrylate.