Free-form surface lens and head-up display

1. A head-up display that causes an observer to visually recognize a virtual image, the head-up display comprising:

a display device that displays an image; and

a projection optical system that projects the image displayed on the display device onto the observer, the projection optical system including a refraction lens, wherein

a reference beam that reaches a center of a viewpoint region of the observer corresponds to a center of the virtual image,

a reference outside beam that reaches the center of the viewpoint region of the observer corresponds to a vehicle outside end of the virtual image,

an incident surface of the refraction lens faces the display device on the reference beam,

an output surface of the refraction lens is on an opposite side to the incident surface on the reference beam,

an origin is an intersection of the reference beam and the incident surface,

an X-axis direction is a straight line including the origin and an intersection of a tangential plane of the incident surface at the origin and the reference outside beam, and

a Y-axis direction is perpendicular to the X-axis direction in the tangential plane,

the refraction lens is disposed while inclined with respect to the reference beam,

the incident surface has a concave surface facing the display device in the X-axis direction, and

a curvature of the incident surface in the Y-axis direction is smaller than a curvature of the incident surface in the X-axis direction.

2. The head-up display according to claim 1 , wherein the output surface is a convex surface that is convex to a side of the output surface in the X-axis direction.

3. The head-up display according to claim 1 , wherein in the Y-axis direction, inclination of the output surface to a plane perpendicular to the reference beam is larger than inclination of the incident surface to the plane perpendicular to the reference beam.

4. The head-up display according to claim 1 , wherein a curvature of the output surface in the Y-axis direction is smaller than a curvature of the output surface in the X-axis direction.

5. The head-up display according to claim 1 , wherein the incident surface of the refraction lens is subjected to anti-reflective coating.

6. The head-up display according to claim 1 , wherein the output surface of the refraction lens is subjected to anti-reflective coating.

7. The head-up display according to claim 1 , wherein inclination of the output surface in the Y-axis direction to the reference beam is larger than inclination of the incident surface in the Y-axis direction to the reference beam.

8. The head-up display according to claim 1 , wherein the projection optical system projects the virtual image onto a windshield.

9. The head-up display according to claim 1 , wherein the projection optical system includes a reflection member having transparency and reflectivity.

10. A free-form surface lens used in an imaging optical system that makes a conjugate relationship between a first image surface and a second image surface, the free-form surface lens comprising:

a first optical surface; and

a second optical surface, wherein

a reference beam that passes through the first optical surface and the second optical surface corresponds to a center of the second image surface, and

an X-axis direction and a Y-axis direction are orthogonal to each other in a tangential plane of the first optical surface at an intersection of the reference beam and the first optical surface,

the first optical surface is a concave surface in the X-axis direction, and

the curvature of the first optical surface in the Y-axis direction is smaller than the curvature of the first optical surface in the X-axis direction.

11. The free-form surface lens according to claim 10 , wherein in the Y-axis direction, an angle formed between the first optical surface and the reference beam is larger than an angle formed between the second optical surface and the reference beam.

12. The free-form surface lens according to claim 10 , wherein

the second optical surface is a convex surface in the X-axis direction,

the curvature of the second optical surface in the X-axis direction is smaller than the curvature of the first optical surface in the X-axis direction, and

the curvature of the second optical surface in the Y-axis direction is smaller than the curvature of the second optical surface in the X-axis direction.

13. The free-form surface lens according to claim 10 , wherein a sectional shape is a wedge shape in a plane passing through an intersection of the reference beam and the first optical surface and is perpendicular to the X-axis direction.

14. The free-form surface lens according to claim 10 , wherein a length in the X-axis direction of an image formed by the imaging optical system when the reference beam passes through the free-form surface lens is longer than a length in the Y-axis direction.

15. The free-form surface lens according to claim 10 , wherein a length in the X-axis direction of the first optical surface is longer than a length in the Y-axis direction of the first optical surface.

16. The free-form surface lens according to claim 10 , wherein the free-form surface lens is a concave lens as a whole.

17. The free-form surface lens according to claim 10 , wherein

the free-form surface lens is disposed on an optical path connecting the first image surface and the second image surface,

on the optical path connecting the first image surface and the second image surface, the first image surface, the first optical surface, the second optical surface, and the second image surface are disposed in this order, and

the first image surface is smaller than the second image surface in an area.

18. The free-form surface lens according to claim 10 disposed in a head-up display.