Finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions, method for the production thereof, and the use thereof
Finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion which is obtainable by emulsion polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous liquid containing a cationic prepolymer as a dispersant, wherein the cationic prepolymer is prepared in the presence of at least one polymerisation initiator by polymerisation of (a) from 15 to 45% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising at least one quaternary ammonium group; (b) from 5 to 80% by weight of at least one optionally substituted styrene; (c) from 0 to 50% by weight of at least one C 1-12 alkyl (meth) acrylate; (d) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an acid group; (e) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an amine group; and (f) from 0 to 20% by weight of at least one non-ionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer differing from (b), (c) and (e), the sum of (a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)+(f) being 100% by weight, in a first emulsion polymerisation in the presence of at least one non-ionic emulsifier, and thereafter, in the aqueous liquid containing the cationic prepolymer a second emulsion polymerisation is carried out, in the presence of at least one polymerisation initiator, of a monomer mixture comprising (i) from 10 to 70% by weight of at least one of an optionally substituted styrene or (meth) acrylonitrile; (ii) from 30 to 90% by weight of at least one CMS alkyl (meth) acrylate; (iii) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one vinyl ester of linear or branched C 1-30 carboxylic acids; and (iv) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one non-ionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer differing from (i), (ii) and (iii), the sum of (i)+(ii)+(iii)+(iv) being 100% by weight, and the first emulsion polymerisation and/or the second emulsion polymerisation is optionally carried out in the presence of from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one polymerisation regulator. The polymer dispersions according to the present invention are suitable for use as sizing agents for paper, board and card board.
1. A finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion which is obtainable by emulsion polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous liquid comprising a cationic prepolymer as a dispersant, wherein
the cationic prepolymer is prepared in a presence of at least one polymerisation initiator by polymerisation of
(a) from 15 to 45% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising at least one quaternary ammonium group;
(b) from 5 to 80% by weight of at least one optionally substituted styrene;
(c) from 0 to 50% by weight of at least one C 1-12 alkyl (meth) acrylate;
(d) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an acid group;
(e) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an amine group; and
(f) from 0 to 20% by weight of at least one non-ionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer differing from (b), (c) and (e),
a sum of (a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)+(f) being 100% by weight,
in a first emulsion polymerisation in a presence of at least one non-ionic emulsifier, and thereafter, in the aqueous liquid containing the cationic prepolymer, a second emulsion polymerisation is carried out, in the presence of at least one polymerisation initiator, of a monomer mixture comprising
(i) from 10 to 70% by weight of at least one of an optionally substituted styrene or (meth) acrylonitrile;
(ii) from 30 to 90% by weight of at least one C 1-18 alkyl (meth) acrylate;
(iii) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one vinyl ester of linear or branched C 1-30 carboxylic acids; and
(iv) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one non-ionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer differing from (i), (ii) and (iii),
a sum of (i)+(ii)+(iii)+(iv) being 100% by weight,
the first emulsion polymerisation and/or the second emulsion polymerisation is optionally carried out in a presence of from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one polymerisation regulator, and
the aqueous polymer dispersion comprises dispersed particles having a mean particle size of from about 5 to about 250 nm.
2. The finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1 , wherein the cationic prepolymer is obtainable by polymerisation of
(a) from 20 to 45% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising at least one quaternary ammonium group;
(b) from 15 to 75% by weight of styrene;
(c) from 0 to 50% by weight of at least one C 1-12 alkyl (meth) acrylate;
(d) from 0 to 10% by weight of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid; and
(e) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one of N,N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate.
3. The finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1 , wherein the cationic prepolymer is obtainable by polymerisation of
(a) from 20 to 45% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising at least one quaternary ammonium group, selected from the group consisting of a quaternary ammonium salt of dialkyl amino alkyl acrylate, a quaternary ammonium salt of dialkyl amino alkyl methacrylate, a diallyl dimethyl ammonium salt and a quaternary ammonium salt of vinyl imidazole;
(b) from 15 to 60% by weight of styrene;
(c) from 0 to 50% by weight of at least one C 1 -C 4 -alkyl acrylate and/or at least one C 1 -C 4 -alkyl methacrylate; and
(d) from 0 to 10% by weight of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.
4. The finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion according to any of the claim 1 , wherein, in the second emulsion polymerisation, a monomer mixture comprising
(i) from 10 to 60% by weight of styrene;
(ii) from 30 to 90% by weight of n-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate or mixtures of n-butyl acrylate and tert-butyl acrylate
is subjected to the emulsion polymerisation.
5. The finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1 , wherein the first emulsion polymerisation and/or the second emulsion polymerisation is carried out in the presence of 0.1 to 10% by weight of at least one polymerisation regulator.
6. The finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 5 , wherein the polymerisation regulator used is selected from the group consisting of mercaptans; thioglycolic acid; carbon tetrabromide; and terpenes.
7. The finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-ionic emulsifier present in the first emulsion polymerisation is or comprises a compound having the formula
R′—O—(CH 2 —CH 2 —O—) x H
in which R′ is an alkyl group of at least 12 carbon atoms, and x is at least 12.
8. The finely divided, cationic aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one nonionic emulsifier present in the first emulsion polymerisation is or comprises a compound having the formula
R″(—O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) x M
in which R″ is an alkyl group of at least one carbon atom, x is an integer, and M is a polymerisable moiety comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group.
9. A process for the preparation of a finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion which is obtainable by emulsion polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous liquid comprising a cationic prepolymer as a dispersant, wherein
the cationic prepolymer is prepared in a presence of at least one polymerisation initiator by polymerisation of
(a) from 15 to 45% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising at least one quaternary ammonium group;
(b) from 5 to 80% by weight of at least one optionally substituted styrene;
(c) from 0 to 50% by weight of at least one C 1-12 alkyl (meth) acrylate;
(d) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an acid group;
(e) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an amine group; and
(f) from 0 to 20% by weight of at least one non-ionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer differing from (b), (c) and (e),
a sum of (a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)+(0 being 100% by weight,
in a first emulsion polymerisation in a presence of at least one non-ionic emulsifier, and thereafter, in the aqueous liquid containing the cationic prepolymer, a second emulsion polymerisation is carried out, in a presence of at least one polymerisation initiator, of a monomer mixture comprising
(i) from 10 to 70% by weight of at least one of an optionally substituted styrene or (meth) acrylonitrile;
(ii) from 30 to 90% by weight of at least one C1-18 alkyl (meth) acrylate;
(iii) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one vinyl ester of linear or branched C1-30 carboxylic acids; and
(iv) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one non-ionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer differing from (i), (ii) and (iii),
a sum of (i)+(ii)+(iii)+(iv) being 100% by weight,
the first emulsion polymerisation and/or the second emulsion polymerisation is optionally carried out in a presence of from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one polymerisation regulator, and
the aqueous polymer dispersion comprises dispersed particles having a mean particle size of from about 5 to about 250 nm.
10. A sizing agent for paper, board and cardboard, the sizing agent comprising a finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion which is obtainable by emulsion polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous liquid comprising a cationic prepolymer as a dispersant, wherein
the cationic prepolymer is prepared in a presence of at least one polymerisation initiator by polymerisation of
(a) from 15 to 45% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising at least one quaternary ammonium group;
(b) from 5 to 80% by weight of at least one optionally substituted styrene;
(c) from 0 to 50% by weight of at least one C 1-12 alkyl (meth) acrylate;
(d) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an acid group;
(e) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an amine group; and
(f) from 0 to 20% by weight of at least one non-ionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer differing from (b), (c) and (e),
a sum of (a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)+(f) being 100% by weight,
in a first emulsion polymerisation in a presence of at least one non-ionic emulsifier, and thereafter, in the aqueous liquid containing the cationic prepolymer, a second emulsion polymerisation is carried out, in the presence of at least one polymerisation initiator, of a monomer mixture comprising
(i) from 10 to 70% by weight of at least one of an optionally substituted styrene or (meth) acrylonitrile;
(ii) from 30 to 90% by weight of at least one C 1-18 alkyl (meth) acrylate;
(iii) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one vinyl ester of linear or branched C 1-30 carboxylic acids; and
(iv) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one non-ionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer differing from (i), (ii) and (iii),
a sum of (i)+(ii)+(iii)+(iv) being 100% by weight,
the first emulsion polymerisation and/or the second emulsion polymerisation is optionally carried out in a presence of from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one polymerisation regulator, and
the aqueous polymer dispersion comprises dispersed particles having a mean particle size of from about 5 to about 250 nm.
11. The finely divided, cationic aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one nonionic emulsifier present in the first emulsion polymerisation is or comprises a compound selected from a methacrylic ester of an ethoxylated C16-C18 fatty alcohol and a methoxy polyethylene glycol 350 methacrylate.