Catalysts and methods for converting biomass to liquid fuels
An aspect of the present disclosure is a method that includes contacting an oxygenated compound and hydrogen (H 2 ) with a solid catalyst, where the solid catalyst includes a metal carbide that includes a first transition metal, and the contacting converts at least a portion of the oxygenated compound to a deoxygenated compound. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the metal carbide may include at least one of Mo 2 C and/or W 2 C.
1. A method comprising:
contacting an oxygenated compound and hydrogen (H 2 ) with a solid catalyst, wherein:
the solid catalyst comprises a metal carbide comprising a transition metal and a hydrogen-activating site,
the hydrogen-activating site has a concentration between 8 μmol/g and 132 μmol/g, and
the contacting converts at least a portion of the oxygenated compound to a deoxygenated compound.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting is performed in a first fixed-bed reactor.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the oxygenated compound is directed to the first fixed-bed reactor while in a first vapor phase.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the deoxygenated compound is in a second vapor phase.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxygenated compound comprises a pyrolysis decomposition product.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deoxygenated compound has a carbon number between 2 carbon atoms and 20 carbon atoms inclusively.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, after the contacting:
alkylating a first portion of the deoxygenated compound by reacting the first portion of the deoxygenated compound with a second portion of the deoxygenated compound to form an alkylated compound.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the alkylating is performed in a second fixed-bed reactor.
9. A composition comprising:
a solid metal carbide comprising a first transition metal and a hydrogen-activating site, wherein the hydrogen-activating site has a concentration between 8 μmol/g and 132 μmol/g.
10. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the first transition metal comprises at least one of chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten.
11. The composition of claim 9 , further comprising a solid support, wherein the solid metal carbide is positioned on the solid support.
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the solid support comprises an oxide.
13. The composition of claim 9 , further comprising a second transition metal, wherein the second transition metal is positioned on the solid metal carbide.
14. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the second transition metal comprises at least one of nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, or ruthenium.
15. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the second transition metal is present on the solid metal carbide at a ratio of the first transition metal to the second transition metal between 20:1 and 50:1.
16. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the solid metal carbide is in the form of a nanoparticle having a length dimension between 1 nm and 50 nm.
17. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the solid metal carbide is substantially in a crystalline phase.
18. The composition of claim 17 , wherein the crystalline phase is face centered cubic.
19. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the solid metal carbide further comprises an acid site having a concentration between 300 μmol/g and 615 μmol/g.
20. The composition of claim 19 , wherein a ratio of the acid site to the hydrogen-activating site is between 39:1 and 4.6:1.
21. A method comprising:
heating a first mixture comprising a solvent and a metal carbonyl compound, wherein:
the heating is performed at a first temperature up to about 400° C.,
the first mixture is substantially in a liquid phase while at the first temperature,
the heating produces a second mixture comprising a metal carbide nanoparticle comprising a transition metal and a hydrogen-activating site, and
the hydrogen-activating site has a concentration between 8 μmol/g and 132 μmol/g.
22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising, after the heating, cooling the second mixture to a second temperature that is less than the first temperature to form a cooled second mixture.
23. The method of claim 22 , further comprising, after the cooling, separating the metal carbide nanoparticle from the cooled second mixture to produce the metal carbide nanoparticle substantially free of at least the solvent.