Video retrieval system using adaptive spatiotemporal convolution feature representation with dynamic abstraction for video to language translation
A video retrieval system is provided, that includes a set of servers, configured to retrieve a video sequence from a database and forward it to a requesting device responsive to a match between an input text and a caption for the video sequence. The servers are further configured to translate the video sequence into the caption by (A) applying a C3D to image frames of the video sequence to obtain therefor (i) intermediate feature representations across L convolutional layers and (ii) top-layer features, (B) producing a first word of the caption for the video sequence by applying the top-layer features to a LSTM, and (C) producing subsequent words of the caption by (i) dynamically performing spatiotemporal attention and layer attention using the representations to form a context vector, and (ii) applying the LSTM to the context vector, a previous word of the caption, and a hidden state of the LSTM.
1. A video retrieval system comprising:
a set of servers, configured to retrieve a video sequence from a database of multiple video sequences and forward the video sequence to a requesting hardware device responsive to a match between an input text provided by a user of the requesting hardware device and a video caption for the video sequence,
wherein the set of servers are further configured to translate the video sequence into the video caption by
applying a three-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (C3D) to image frames of the video sequence to obtain, for the video sequence, (i) intermediate feature representations across L convolutional layers and (ii) top-layer features,
producing a first word of the video caption for the video sequence by applying the top-layer features to a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), and
producing subsequent words of the video caption by (i) dynamically performing spatiotemporal attention and layer attention using the intermediate feature representation to form a context vector, and (ii) applying the LSTM to the context vector, a previous word of the video caption, and a hidden state of the LSTM,
wherein each of the intermediate feature representations is extracted at a respective location in a respective one of the L convolution layers, and wherein the spatiotemporal attention and layer attention generates, for each of the intermediate feature representations, two positive weight vectors for a particular time step that respectively measure a relative importance, to the respective location and to the respective one of the L convolutional layers, for producing the subsequent words based on history word information.
2. A video retrieval system comprising:
a set of servers, configured to retrieve a video sequence from a database of multiple video sequences and forward the video sequence to a requesting hardware device responsive to a match between an input text provided by a user of the requesting hardware device and a video caption for the video sequence,
wherein the set of servers are further configured to translate the video sequence into the video caption by
applying a three-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (C3D) to image frames of the video sequence to obtain, for the video sequence, (i) intermediate feature representations across L convolutional layers and (ii) top-layer features,
producing a first word of the video caption for the video sequence by applying the top-layer features to a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), and
producing subsequent words of the video caption by (i) dynamically performing spatiotemporal attention and layer attention using the intermediate feature representation to form a context vector, and (ii) applying the LSTM to the context vector, a previous word of the video caption, and a hidden state of the LSTM,
wherein the spatiotemporal attention and layer attention adaptively and sequentially emphasize different ones of the L convolutional layers while imposing attention within local regions of feature maps at each of the L convolutional layers in order to form the context vector.
3. The video retrieval system of claim 2 , wherein the spatiotemporal attention and layer attention selectively uses an attention type selected from the group consisting of a soft attention and a hard attention, wherein the hard attention is configured to use a multi-sample stochastic lower bound to approximate an objective function to be optimized.
4. A video retrieval system comprising:
a set of servers, configured to retrieve a video sequence from a database of multiple video sequences and forward the video sequence to a requesting hardware device responsive to a match between an input text provided by a user of the requesting hardware device and a video caption for the video sequence,
wherein the set of servers are further configured to translate the video sequence into the video caption by
applying a three-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (C3D) to image frames of the video sequence to obtain, for the video sequence, (i) intermediate feature representations across L convolutional layers and (ii) top-layer features,
producing a first word of the video caption for the video sequence by applying the top-layer features to a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), and
producing subsequent words of the video caption by (i) dynamically performing spatiotemporal attention and layer attention using the intermediate feature representation to form a context vector, and (ii) applying the LSTM to the context vector, a previous word of the video caption, and a hidden state of the LSTM,
wherein the spatiotemporal attention and layer attention involve direct comparisons between different ones of the L convolutional layers to produce the context vector, the direct comparisons enabled by applying a set of convolutional transformations to map different ones of the intermediate feature representations in different ones of the L convolutional layers to a same semantic-space dimension.
5. A computer-implemented method for video retrieval comprising:
retrieving, by a set of servers, a video sequence from a database of multiple video sequences and forwarding the video sequence to a requesting hardware device responsive to a match between an input text provided by a user of the requesting hardware device and a video caption for the video sequence,
wherein the method further comprises translating, by the set of servers, the video sequence into the video caption by
applying a three-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (C3D) to image frames of the video sequence to obtain, for the video sequence, (i) intermediate feature representations across L convolutional layers and (ii) top-layer features,
producing a first word of the video caption for the video sequence by applying the top-layer features to a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), and
producing subsequent words of the video caption by (i) dynamically performing spatiotemporal attention and layer attention using the intermediate feature representation to form a context vector, and (ii) applying the LSTM to the context vector, a previous word of the video caption, and a hidden state of the LSTM,
wherein each of the intermediate feature representations is extracted at a respective location in a respective one of the L convolutional layers, and wherein the spatiotemporal attention and layer attention generates, for each of the intermediate feature representations, two positive weights for a particular time step that respectively measure a relative importance, to the respective location and to the respective one of the L convolutional layers, for producing the subsequent words based on history word information.