Ceramic proton-conducting membranes
Disclosed herein are ceramic selective membranes and methods of forming the ceramic selective membranes by forming a selective silica ceramic on a porous membrane substrate. Representative ceramic selective membranes include ion-conductive membranes (e.g., proton-conducting membranes) and gas selective membranes. Representative uses for the membranes include incorporation into fuel cells and redox flow batteries (RFB) as ion-conducting membranes.
1. A method of forming a ceramic selective membrane, the method comprising:
impregnating an edge portion of a porous membrane substrate with a compressible polymer to provide a porous membrane substrate with an impregnated edge;
applying a ceramic precursor sol to the porous membrane substrate with an impregnated edge; and
gelling the ceramic precursor sol, using a sol-gel process, to form a selective silica ceramic from the ceramic precursor sol, thereby providing a ceramic selective membrane comprising the selective silica ceramic supported by the porous membrane substrate;
wherein the ceramic precursor sol comprises an alkaline silicate solution;
wherein the porous membrane substrate has a plurality of pores 10 nm or greater in diameter;
wherein gelling the ceramic precursor sol comprises non-hydrolyzing chemical gelation in an aqueous environment;
wherein gelling the ceramic precursor sol comprises exposing to a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 100° C.;
wherein the ceramic selective membrane comprises pores in the size range of 0.1 nm to 10 nm in diameter; and
wherein the ceramic selective membrane has a thickness in the range of 0.1 mm to 1 mm.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkaline silicate solution is formed from a silicate selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate, lithium silicate, and potassium silicate.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkaline silicate solution has a concentration in the range of 5 wt % to 50 wt %.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane substrate is selected from the group consisting of silica filter paper, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of impregnating the edge portion of the porous membrane substrate with the compressible polymer comprises impregnating all edges of the porous membrane substrate with the compressible polymer, sufficient to form a gasket bordering the porous membrane substrate.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the edge portion is 1 mm or greater in width.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compressible polymer comprises a thermoplastic elastomeric polymer.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein impregnating the edge portion of the porous membrane substrate with the compressible polymer comprises a method selected from the group consisting of melting, solution deposition, and in situ reaction.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein chemical gelation comprises exposing the ceramic precursor sol to an acid solution.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein gelling the ceramic precursor sol further comprises exposing to a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 100° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing at least one additional layer of ceramic by:
applying the ceramic precursor sol to the selective silica ceramic supported by the porous membrane substrate; and
gelling the ceramic precursor sol to provide a double-coated selective silica ceramic supported by the porous membrane substrate.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising repeating for a second time the step of depositing at least one additional layer of ceramic, to provide a triple-coated selective silica ceramic supported by the porous membrane substrate.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a step of exposing the ceramic selective membrane to a lower-surface-tension liquid, after gelling the ceramic precursor sol.
14. A ceramic selective membrane formed by the method of claim 1 .
15. A selective membrane comprising a ceramic selective membrane according to claim 14 .
16. The selective membrane of claim 15 , wherein the selective membrane is of a type selected from the group consisting of a battery membrane, a fuel cell membrane, a food processing membrane, a reverse osmosis membrane, a gas separation membrane, and a bio-separation membrane.
17. The selective membrane of claim 15 , wherein the selective membrane is an ion-conducting membrane for a flow battery.
18. The selective membrane of claim 15 , wherein the selective membrane is an ion-conducting membrane for a fuel cell.
19. A ceramic selective membrane, comprising:
a selective silica ceramic coating supported by a porous membrane substrate; and
a compressible polymer edging along at least a portion of an edge of the porous membrane substrate;
wherein the porous membrane substrate has a plurality of pores 10 nm or greater in diameter;
wherein the ceramic selective membrane comprises pores in the size range of 0.1 nm to 10 nm in diameter;
wherein the selective silica ceramic coating has one or more layers of selective silica ceramic material formed by non-hydrolyzing chemical gelation of a precursor sol comprising an alkaline silicate solution;
wherein the ceramic selective membrane has a thickness in the range of 0.1 mm to 1 mm; and
wherein the selective silica ceramic has a thickness of 0.5 μm to 750 μm disposed on the surface of the porous membrane substrate.
20. The ceramic selective membrane of claim 19 , wherein the porous membrane substrate is selected from the group consisting of silica filter paper, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
21. The ceramic selective membrane of claim 19 , further comprising compressible polymer edging along all edges of the ceramic selective membrane, defining a gasket.
22. The ceramic selective membrane of claim 19 , wherein the edge portion is 1 mm or greater in width.
23. The ceramic selective membrane of claim 19 , wherein the compressible polymer comprises a thermoplastic elastomeric polymer.
24. The ceramic selective membrane of claim 19 , wherein the selective silica ceramic comprises a plurality of layers of selective silica ceramic material.
25. The ceramic selective membrane of claim 19 , wherein the ceramic selective membrane has a mean pore size in the range of 0.5 nm to 2 nm as determined by fitting of a polydispersed fractal model to a small angle x-ray scattering profile.
26. A selective membrane comprising a ceramic selective membrane according to claim 19 .
27. The selective membrane of claim 26 , wherein the selective membrane is of a type selected from the group consisting of a battery membrane, a fuel cell membrane, a food processing membrane, a reverse osmosis membrane, a gas separation membrane, and a bio-separation membrane.
28. The selective membrane of claim 26 , wherein the selective membrane is an ion-conducting membrane for a flow battery.
29. The selective membrane of claim 26 , wherein the selective membrane is an ion-conducting membrane for a fuel cell.